ALGORITHMIC RACISM AND SEXISM:

A CASE STUDY ON COMMERCIAL GOOGLE SEARCH MECHANISM

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5902/1981369466455

Keywords:

Algorithms, Gender, Google, Safiya Noble

Abstract

The present work is based on the approach around the privileged theme of algorithms, in line with the problem of knowing: how do the algorithms create conditions of unequal exposure to discriminatory situations marked by race and gender markers? The objective of the work is, therefore, to demonstrate the way in which the algorithms operate contemporaneously, notably the terms in which they express biases of race and gender. Conceiving the algorithmic device that manages multiplicities in an exhibition-type society, it addresses a specific case study, to explore the particularities that it articulates in its surroundings. The case study focuses on one of the largest and most powerful Internet companies of today, Google, seeking to understand the discriminative logics engendered by the information classification algorithms in its commercial search engine. Through the analyzed content, it is noticed that the algorithmic logic supports and is supported by social, political-efficient and technological forms that articulate new punitive practices.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Augusto Jobim do Amaral, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul

Professor do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Criminais e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia da PUCRS; Doutor em Altos Estudos Contemporâneos pela Universidade de Coimbra (Portugal) e Doutor em Ciências Criminais pela PUCRS.

Ana Clara Santos Elesbão, PUCRS

Mestre em Ciências Criminais (Bolsa CAPES).

References

AJUDA do Google. Segmentação de anúncios. Sobre o leilão de anúncios. Disponível em: https://support.google.com/adsense/answer/160525?hl=pt-BR. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.

HOOKS, bell. Black Looks: race and representation. Boston: South End Press, 1992.

BROCK, André. Beyond the Pale: The Blackbird Web Browser’s Critical Reception. New Media and Society, v. 13, n. 7, 1085–1103, 2011.

COLLINS, Patricia Hill. Black Feminist Thought: knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. Nova York: Routledge, 1991.

CRENSHAW, Kimberlé Williams, et al (Eds.). Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings that Formed the Movement, Nova York: The New Press, 1995.

CRENSHAW, Kimberlé Williams. Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review, v. 43, n. 6, pp. 1241–1299, 1991.

GHEDIN, Rodrigo; DIAS, Tatiana; RIBEIRO, Paulo Victor. Grana por cliques. Fake News a R$ 25 mil por mês: como o Google treinou e enriqueceu blogueiros antipetistas. The Intercept Brasil, 2019. Disponível em: https://theintercept.com/2019/11/19/fake-news-google-blogueiros-antipetistas/. Acesso em 10 fev. 2021.

GOOGLE. Pesquisa Google: Vender anúncios, nada mais. Disponível em: https://www.google.com/intl/pt-BR/search/howsearchworks/mission/. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.

GOOGLE Ads. Faça sua empresa crescer com Google Ads. Disponível em: https://ads.google.com/intl/pt-BR_br/home/>. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.

GOOGLE AdSense. Dicas de otimização do site e dos anúncios. Disponível em: https://support.google.com/adsense/answer/2973289?hl=pt-BR&ref_topic=1250106. Acesso em: 1 fev. 2023.

GOOGLE AdSense. Valorizamos seu conteúdo. Disponível em: https://www.google.com/intl/pt-BR_br/adsense/start/. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.

GOOGLE. Pesquisa Google: Como a Pesquisa organiza as informações. Disponível em: https://www.google.com/intl/pt-BR/search/howsearchworks/crawling-indexing/. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2021.

HALAVAIS, Alex. Search Engine Society. Cambridge: Polity, 2009.

HINDMAN, Matthew. The Myth of Digital Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009.

KENDALL, Lori. Hanging Out in the Virtual Pub: Masculinities and Relationships Online. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.

NOBLE, Safiya Umoja. A Future for Intersectional Black Feminist Technology Studies. Scholar and Feminist Online, 2016. Disponível em: https://sfonline.barnard.edu/traversing-technologies/safiya-umoja-noble-a-future-for-intersectional-black-feminist-technology-studies/. Acesso em: 12 ago. 2020.

NOBLE, Safiya Umoja. Algorithms of oppression: how search engines reinforce racism. Nova York: New York University Press, 2018.

NOBLE, Safiya Umoja. Google Search: Hiper-visibility as a Means of Rendering Black Woman and Girls Invisible. In: InVisible Culture: Eletronic Journal for Visual Culture, v. 19, out./2013. Disponível em: http://ivc.lib.rochester.edu/google-search-hyper-visibility-as-a-means-of-rendering-black-women-and-girls-invisible/. Acesso em: 04 out. 2020.

NOBLE, Safiya Umoja. Missed connections: what search engines say about women. Bitch Media, n. 54, pp. 36-41, 2012.

NOBLE, Safiya Umoja. Teaching Trayvon. The Black Scholar, v. 44, n. 1, pp. 12-29, 2014.

NORMAN, Fairclough. Critical Discourse Analysis. Londres: Longman, 1995.

NORMAN, Fairclough. Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. Londres: Routledge, 2003.

VAIDHYANATHAN, Siva. The Googlization of Everything (and why we should worry). Barkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2011.

VAN COUVERING, Elizabeth Jane. Search Engine Bias: the structuration of traffic on the World-Wide Web. Tese (Doutorado de Filosofia) – London School of Economics and Political Science. Londres, 2009.

XMCP. Yes Dear, There Is Porn SEO, and We Can Learn a Lot from It. YouMoz (blog), 2008. Disponível em: https://moz.com/ugc/yes-dear-there-is-porn-seo-and-we-can-learn-a-lot-from-it. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2021.

Published

2022-11-23

How to Cite

Amaral, A. J. do, & Elesbão, A. C. S. (2022). ALGORITHMIC RACISM AND SEXISM: : A CASE STUDY ON COMMERCIAL GOOGLE SEARCH MECHANISM. Revista Eletrônica Do Curso De Direito Da UFSM, 17(1), e66455. https://doi.org/10.5902/1981369466455

Issue

Section

Artigos científicos