Green synthesis and biotechnological profile of silver nanoparticles using Syzygium aromaticum essential oil nanoemulsion
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5902/2179460X88025Keywords:
Antioxidant, Hydrodistillation, EugenolAbstract
This study evaluated the chemical profile, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity, in an unprecedented way, of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from the Syzygium aromaticum essential oil nanoemulsion (EON). For essential oil extraction (EO), the hydrodistillation technique was used, and the chemical constituents were identified by GC-MS. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the method of discoloration of ABTS radicals and anti-inflammatory activity by protein denaturation. The majority constituent of the EO was Eugenol (71,11%). The maximum band of SPR was centered at 420 nm indicating the characteristic peak of the AgNPs. The IC50 7,91 mg/L for antioxidant activity was obtained for AgNP pH 10. The IC50 for anti-inflammatory activity was 0,2163 mg/mL. This study brought in an unprecedented way results for AgNPs of S. aromaticum, proving to be efficient in improving the activities tested in this study, also demonstrating the effect of pH on these formulations.
Downloads
References
Adefeghaa, S., Oboha, G., Odubanjoa, T., & Ogunsuyia, O. (2015). A comparative study on the antioxidative activities, anticholinesterase properties and essential oil composition of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) bud and Ethiopian pepper (Xylopia aethiopica). Riv. Ital. Sost. Gr, 92(1), 257-268.
Ajitha, B., Reddy, Y. A. K., Lee, Y., Kim, M. J., & Ahn, C. W. (2019). Biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Syzygium aromaticum (clove) extract: catalytic and antimicrobial effects. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 33(5), e4867. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.4867
Bakour, M., Soulo, N., Hammas, N., FATEMI, H. E., Aboulghazi, A., Taroq, A., ... & Lyoussi, B. (2018). The antioxidant content and protective effect of argan oil and Syzygium aromaticum essential oil in hydrogen peroxide-induced biochemical and histological changes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(2), 610. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020610
Bakry, A. M., Abbas, S., Ali, B., Majeed, H., Abouelwafa, M. Y., Mousa, A., & Liang, L. (2016). Microencapsulation of oils: A comprehensive review of benefits, techniques, and applications. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety, 15(1), 143-182.
Bedlovičová, Z., Strapáč, I., Baláž, M., & Salayová, A. (2020). A brief overview on antioxidant activity determination of silver nanoparticles. Molecules, 25(14), 3191. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143191
Boughendjioua, H. (2018). Essential oil composition of Syzygium aromaticum (L.). IRJPMS, 11, 26-28. https://www.academia.edu/download/56628440/IRJPMS-PP1641-18.pdf
Chaieb, K., Hajlaoui, H., Zmantar, T., Kahla Nakbi, A. B., Rouabhia, M., Mahdouani, K., & Bakhrouf, A. (2007). The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): a short review. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 21(6), 501-506.
Débora, H. I. T. Z., Barbosa, M., de Campos Nezello, M., & Mazur, C. E. (2018). Ação dos compostos fenólicos na aterosclerose: uma revisão. Visão Acadêmica, 19(1). doi: 10.5380/acd.v19i1.57729
El Ghallab, Y., Al Jahid, A., Jamal Eddine, J., Ait Haj Said, A., Zarayby, L., & Derfoufi, S. (2020). Syzygium aromaticum L.: Phytochemical investigation and comparison of the scavenging activity of essential oil, extracts and eugenol. Advances in Traditional Medicine, 20, 153-158. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-019-00416-7
Gao, H., Yang, H., & Wang, C. (2017). Controllable preparation and mechanism of nano-silver mediated by the microemulsion system of the clove oil. Results in physics, 7, 3130-3136. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2017.08.032
Guimarães, M. L., Amarante, J. F., & Oliveira, H. P. D. (2021). A importância dos óleos essenciais na síntese verde de nanopartículas metálicas. Matéria (Rio de Janeiro), 26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-707620210003.13053
Hadidi, M., Pouramin, S., Adinepour, F., Haghani, S., & Jafari, S. M. (2020). Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with clove essential oil: Characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Carbohydrate polymers, 236, 116075.
Hamad, A., Mahardika, M. G. P., Yuliani, I. D. A. E., & Hartanti, D. (2017). Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of essential oils of Syzygium polyanthum and Syzygium aromaticum. Rasayan J. Chem, 10(2), 564-569. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7324/RJC.2017.1021693
Huang, X. W., Feng, Y. C., Huang, Y., & Li, H. L. (2013). Chemical composition, antioxidant and the possible use as skin-care ingredient of clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry) and citronella oil (Cymbopogon goeringii) from China. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 25(4), 315-323. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2013.775082
Khader, S. Z. A., Ahmed, S. S. Z., Mahboob, M. R., Prabaharan, S. B., Lakshmanan, S. O., Kumar, K. R., & David, D. (2022). In vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti-proliferative activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles-Phoenix dactylifera (Rothan dates). Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 58. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902022e18594
Lim, S. X., Lee, Y. Z., Gao, N., Lu, J., Xu, Q., Tok, E. S., & Sow, C. H. (2018). Templating nanotraffic light–dynamic tricoloured blinking silver nanoclusters on a graphene oxide film. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 6(17), 4641-4648. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TC00191J
Maciel, M. V. D. O. B., da Rosa Almeida, A., Machado, M. H., de Melo, A. P. Z., da Rosa, C. G., de Freitas, D. Z., ... & Barreto, P. L. M. (2019). Syzygium aromaticum L.(clove) essential oil as a reducing agent for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(2), 45-54. doi: 10.4236/ojapps.2019.92005
Maciel, M. V. D. O. B., da Rosa Almeida, A., Machado, M. H., Elias, W. C., da Rosa, C. G., Teixeira, G. L., ... & Barreto, P. L. M. (2020). Green synthesis, characteristics and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles mediated by essential oils as reducing agents. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 28, 101746. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101746
Mahalwal, V. S. (2017). Volatile constituents and biological activities of dried unripe flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum Linn. Syn. Eugenia caryophyllus (Spreng.) Bullock & SG Harrison. International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP), 11(04). doi: https://www.brncop.org/index.php/ijgp/article/download/1364/779
Manaswini, N. K., Nazneen, S., Rao, G. B. S., Narender, B., Vasudha, B., & Mohan, M. R. (2019). Evaluation of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Syzygium aromaticum phenolic ethereal oils for In-vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial activities. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 9(2), 93-96. doi: https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i2.2383
Mehmood, Y., Farooq, U., Yousaf, H., Riaz, H., Mahmood, R. K., Nawaz, A., ... & Khalid, I. (2020). Antiviral activity of green silver nanoparticles produced using aqueous buds extract of Syzygium aromaticum. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. doi: doi.org/10.36721/PJPS.2020.33.2.SUP.839-845.1
Mukherjee, P., Ahmad, A., Mandal, D., Senapati, S., Sainkar, S. R., Khan, M. I., ... & Sastry, M. (2001). Fungus-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their immobilization in the mycelial matrix: a novel biological approach to nanoparticle synthesis. Nano letters, 1(10), 515-519. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0155274
Otoni, C. G., Pontes, S. F., Medeiros, E. A., & Soares, N. D. F. (2014). Edible films from methylcellulose and nanoemulsions of clove bud (Syzygium aromaticum) and oregano (Origanum vulgare) essential oils as shelf life extenders for sliced bread. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(22), 5214-5219. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf501055f
Paliyath, G., Murr, D. P., Handa, A. K., & Lurie, S. Postharvest biology and technology of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. 1. ed. Iowa (USA): John Wiley & Sons, 2009
Pandit, R. (2015). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from seed extract of Brassica nigra and its antibacterial activity. Nusantara Bioscience, 7(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n070103
Radünz, M., da Trindade, M. L. M., Camargo, T. M., Radünz, A. L., Borges, C. D., Gandra, E. A., & Helbig, E. (2019). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of unencapsulated and encapsulated clove (Syzygium aromaticum, L.) essential oil. Food chemistry, 276, 180-186. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.173
Rai, M., Yadav, A., & Gade, A. (2009). Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Biotechnology advances, 27(1), 76-83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.09.002
Raja, S., Ramesh, V., & Thivaharan, V. (2017). Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Calliandra haematocephala leaf extract, their antibacterial activity and hydrogen peroxide sensing capability. Arabian journal of chemistry, 10(2), 253-261. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.06.023
Shakeel, F., Alam, P., Ali, A., Alqarni, M. H., Alshetaili, A., Ghoneim, M. M., ... & Ali, A. (2021). Investigating antiarthritic potential of nanostructured clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum) in FCA-induced arthritic rats: Pharmaceutical action and delivery strategies. Molecules, 26(23), 7327. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237327
Singh, V., Pahuja, C., Ali, M., & Sultana, S. (2018). Analysis and bioactivities of essential oil of the flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et LM Perry. J Med Plants Stud, 6(6), 79-83. https://www.plantsjournal.com/archives/2018/vol6issue6/PartB/6-6-8-576.pdf
Soobrattee, M. A., Neergheen, V. S., Luximon-Ramma, A., Aruoma, O. I., & Bahorun, T. (2005). Phenolics as potential antioxidant therapeutic agents: mechanism and actions. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis, 579(1-2), 200-213. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.03.023
Teles, A. M., Silva-Silva, J. V., Fernandes, J. M. P., Abreu-Silva, A. L., Calabrese, K. D. S., Mendes Filho, N. E., ... & Almeida-Souza, F. (2021). GC-MS characterization of antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitrypanosomal activity of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil and eugenol. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021, 1-12. doi: 10.1155/2021/6663255
Venugopal, K., Rather, H. A., Rajagopal, K., Shanthi, M. P., Sheriff, K., Illiyas, M., ... & Maaza, M. (2017). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for anticancer activities (MCF 7 breast and A549 lung cell lines) of the crude extract of Syzygium aromaticum. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 167, 282-289. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.12.013
Verruck, S., Prudencio, E. S., & da Silveira, S. M. (2018, December). Compostos bioativos com capacidade antioxidante e antimicrobiana em frutas. In Revista do Congresso Sul Brasileiro de Engenharia de Alimentos (Vol. 4, No. 1). doi: https://doi.org/10.5965/24473650412018111
Vilas, V., Philip, D., & Mathew, J. (2014). Catalytically and biologically active silver nanoparticles synthesized using essential oil. Spectrochimica acta part a: molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy, 132, 743-750. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.05.046
Yadav, M., Mishra, S., Tiwari, R., Kumari, B., Shukla, M., Dahiya, M., ... & Raghuvanshi, R. S. (2023). Investigating the Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Activities of Azadirachta indica L. through Biochemical Assays. Pharmacognosy Research, 15(2). doi: 10.5530/pres.15.2.026
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ciência e Natura

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
To access the DECLARATION AND TRANSFER OF COPYRIGHT AUTHOR’S DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT LICENSE click here.
Ethical Guidelines for Journal Publication
The Ciência e Natura journal is committed to ensuring ethics in publication and quality of articles.
Conformance to standards of ethical behavior is therefore expected of all parties involved: Authors, Editors, Reviewers, and the Publisher.
In particular,
Authors: Authors should present an objective discussion of the significance of research work as well as sufficient detail and references to permit others to replicate the experiments. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and are unacceptable. Review Articles should also be objective, comprehensive, and accurate accounts of the state of the art. The Authors should ensure that their work is entirely original works, and if the work and/or words of others have been used, this has been appropriately acknowledged. Plagiarism in all its forms constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable. Authors should not submit articles describing essentially the same research to more than one journal. The corresponding Author should ensure that there is a full consensus of all Co-authors in approving the final version of the paper and its submission for publication.
Editors: Editors should evaluate manuscripts exclusively on the basis of their academic merit. An Editor must not use unpublished information in the editor's own research without the express written consent of the Author. Editors should take reasonable responsive measures when ethical complaints have been presented concerning a submitted manuscript or published paper.
Reviewers: Any manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should be conducted objectively, and observations should be formulated clearly with supporting arguments, so that Authors can use them for improving the paper. Any selected Reviewer who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the Editor and excuse himself from the review process. Reviewers should not consider manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the papers.

