Silvicultura de cobertura contínua - o conceito adequado para a adaptação das florestas às mudanças climáticas na Alemanha?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509890715Palavras-chave:
Silvicultura de cobertura contínua, Mudança climática, Manejo florestal adaptativo, AlemanhaResumo
A silvicultura de cobertura contínua (CCF) é uma estratégia amplamente coerente para a adaptação às mudanças climáticas, principalmente se estiver seguindo os conceitos do manejo florestal adaptativo (AFM). A chave é distribuir e reduzir o risco de perturbação. Uma mistura de espécies de árvores e procedências com alta diversidade funcional são as alavancas mais importantes. A adaptação ativa é mais relevante em florestas jovens e onde serviços específicos de ecossistema são buscados. Entretanto, as medidas a seguir servem para aprimorar a abordagem silvicultural apresentada e devem receber atenção especial, entre outras, o uso de diversas formas de regeneração, a consideração de espécies e procedências de árvores não nativas ou não locais e a criação de atributos suficientes de florestas naturais não manejadas.
Downloads
Referências
ALBRECHT, A.; KOHNLE, U.; HANEWINKEL, M. et al. Storm damage of Douglas-fir unexpectedly high compared to Norway spruce. Annals of Forest Science, v. 70, p. 195–207, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-012-0244-x
ANNIGHÖFER, P.; METZ, J.; SCHALL, P.; SCHULZE, E.-D.; AMMER, C. Buche in Mischbeständen bei Trockenheit weniger gestresst. Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift/Der Wald, v. 72, n. 17, p. 13-15, 2017.
ANW (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Naturgemäße Waldwirtschaft). Grundsätze der ANW für Naturgemäße Waldwirtschaft, 2013. Available at: https://www.anw-deutschland.de/eip/media/grundsaetze-13-12-13.pdf?fl=27238212 Available at: 1 nov. 2020.
ASZÁLOS, R.; THOM, D.; AAKALA, T. et al. Natural disturbance regimes as a guide for sustainable forest management in Europe. Ecological Applications, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2596 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2596
BARIGAH, T. S.; CHARRIER, O.; DOURIS, M. et al. Water stress-induced xylem hydraulic failure is a causal factor of tree mortality in beech and poplar. Annals of Botany, v. 112, n. 7, p. 1431-1437, 2013. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mct204
BAUHUS, J.; FORRESTER, D. I.; PRETZSCH, H. From Observations to Evidence. About Effects of Mixed-Species Stands. In: PRETZSCH, H.; FORRESTER, D. I.; BAUHUS, J. (Eds.). Mixed-Species Forests. Ecology and Management. Dordrecht: Springer, 2017. p. 27-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54553-9_2
BMEL [Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft]. Der Wald in Deutschland. BMEL - Wald in Deutschland - Ergebnisse der vierten Bundeswaldinventur, 2024.
BIRCHER, N.; CAILLERET, M.; ZINGG, A.; BUGMANN, H. Potenzielle Grundflächenveränderungen auf Bestandesebene im Klimawandel. In: PLUESS, A. R.; AUGUSTIN, S.; BRANG, P. (Eds.). Wald im Klimawandel. Grundlagen für Adaptationsstrategien. Bern: Bundesamt für Umwelt BAFU, Eidg. Forschungsanstalt WSL, Birmensdorf; Haupt, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, 2016. p. 157-174.
BOLTE, A.; VILLANUEVA, I. Interspecific competition impacts on the morphology and distribution of fine roots in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). European Journal of Forest Research, v. 125, n. 1, p. 15-26, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-005-0075-5
BOLTE, A.; AMMER, C.; LÖF, M.; MADSEN, P.; NABUURS, G. J.; SCHALL, P.; SPATHELF, P.; ROCK, J. Adaptive forest management in central Europe: Climate change impacts, strategies and integrative concept. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, v. 24, n. 6, p. 471-480, 2009. DOI: 10.1080/02827580903418224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02827580903418224
BOLTE, A.; KAMPF, F.; HILBRIG, L. Space sequestration below ground in old-growth spruce-beech forests-signs for facilitation? Frontiers in Plant Science, v. 4, n. 322, 2013. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00322
BOLTE, A.; CZAJKOWSKI, T.; COCOZZA, C. et al. Desiccation and mortality dynamics in seedlings of different European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) populations under extreme drought conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science, v. 7, Art. 751, 2016. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00751. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00751
BOLTE, A.; SANDERS, T. G. M. Additive stressors call for adaptive forest management. In: TOMASZEWSKI, D.; JAGODZINSKI, A. M. (Eds.). Drzewa i lasy w zmieniającym się środowisku: Scientific conference; Kórnik-Poznan, 11-13 October 2021, Conference Proceedings. Gdansk: Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 2021. p. 23-34.
BRANG, P.; SPATHELF, P.; LARSEN, J. B. et al. Suitability of close-to-nature silviculture for adapting temperate European forests to climate change. Forestry, v. 87, p. 492-503, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpu018
BUCHACHER, R.; CHAKRABORTY, D.; SCHÜLER, S. "Assisted Migration" und neue Baumarten: ein Beitrag für klimafitte Wälder. BFW-Praxisinformation, v. 52, p. 3-6, 2020.
CHAKRABORTY, D.; CICEU, A.; BALLIAN, D. et al. Assisted tree migration can preserve the European forest carbon sink under climate change. Nature Climate Change, v. 14, p. 845-852, 2024. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-024-02080-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02080-5
ELLIS, R.; KREMSATER, L. L.; TAYLOR, B. Adaptive management of forests in British Columbia. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Forest Practices Branch, 1997.
HANEWINKEL, M.; CULLMANN, D. A.; SCHELHAAS, M.-J. Climate change may cause severe loss in the economic value of European forest land. Nature Climate Change, v. 3, p. 203-207, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1687
IPCC. Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
KOHLER, M.; SOHN, J. A.; NÄGELE, G.; BAUHUS, J. Can drought tolerance of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) be increased through thinning? European Journal of Forest Research, v. 129, n. 6, p. 1109-1118, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-010-0397-9
KUNZ, J.; LÖFFLER, G.; & BAUHUS, J. Minor European broadleaved tree species are more drought-tolerant than Fagus sylvatica but not more tolerant than Quercus petraea. Forest Ecology and Management, Volume 414. 15-27. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.02.016
LARSEN, J. B.; ANGELSTAM, P.; BAUHUS, J. et al. Closer-To-Nature Forest Management. From Science to Policy 12. European Forest Institute, 2022. DOI: 10.36333/fs12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36333/fstp12
LOCKOW, K.-W. Ergebnisse der Anbauversuche mit amerikanischen und japanischen Baumarten. In LFE (Landesforstanstalt Eberswalde) (Hrsg.): Ausländische Baumarten in Brandenburgs Wäldern. 41–101. 2004.
MCGREGOR, I. R.; HELCOSKI, R.; KUNERT, N. et al. Tree height and leaf drought tolerance traits shape growth responses across droughts in a temperate broadleaf forest. New Phytologist, v. 231, p. 601-616, 2021. DOI: 10.1111/nph.16996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16996
NI DHUBHAIN, A.; WALSHE, J.; BULFIN, M.; KEANE, M.; MILLS, P. The initial development of a windthrow risk model for Sitka spruce in Ireland. Forestry, v. 74, n. 2, p. 161–170, 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/74.2.161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/74.2.161
PÖTZELSBERGER, E.; SPIECKER, H.; NEOPHYTOU, C. et al. Growing Non-native Trees in European Forests Brings Benefits and Opportunities but Also Has Its Risks and Limits. Curr Forestry Rep., 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-020-00129-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-020-00129-0
PRETZSCH, H.; SCHÜTZE, G. Transgressive overyielding in mixed compared with pure stands of Norway spruce and European beech in Central Europe: evidence on stand level and explanation on individual tree level. Eur J Forest Res, v. 128, p. 183–204, 2009. DOI:10.1007/s10342-008-0215-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-008-0215-9
PRETZSCH, H.; GRAMS, T.; HÄBERLE, K.H. et al. Growth and mortality of Norway spruce and European beech in monospecific and mixed-species stands under natural episodic and experimentally extended drought. Results of the KROOF throughfall exclusion experiment. Trees, v. 34, p. 957–970, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-020-01973-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-020-01973-0
PRETZSCH, H. Mixing degree, stand density, and water supply can increase the overyielding of mixed versus monospecific stands in Central Europe. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 503, p. 119741, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119741. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119741
PUETTMANN, K.J.; WILSON, S. MC.G.; BAKER, S.C. et al. Silvicultural alternatives to conventional even-aged forest management - what limits global adoption? Forest Ecosystems, v. 2, p. 8, 2015. DOI: 10.1186/s40663-015-0031-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-015-0031-x
REISE, J.; KUKULKA, F.; FLADE, M.; WINTER, S. Characterising the richness and diversity of forest bird species using National Forest Inventory data in Germany. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 432, p. 799-811, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.10.012
RIGLING, A.; DOBBERTIN, M.; BÜRGI, M. et al. Verdrängen Flaumeichen die Walliser Waldföhren?. Merkblatt für die Praxis, v. 41, 2006. WSL. 16 p.
ROLOFF, A.; GRUNDMANN, B.M. Waldbaumarten und ihre Verwendung im Klimawandel. Archiv f. Forstw. u. Landschaftsökol., v. 42, p. 97-109, 2008.
SOHN, J.A.; SAHA, S.; BAUHUS, J. Potential of forest thinning to mitigate drought stress: A meta-analysis. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 380, p. 261-273, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.046
SPATHELF, P.; BOLTE, A. Naturgemässe Waldwirtschaft und Klimawandelanpassung – Kohärenz oder Widerspruch? Jahrbuch Band I 2020 der Nationalparkstiftung Unteres Odertal, p. 17-27, 2020.
SPATHELF, P.; BOLTE, A.; VAN DER MAATEN, E. Is Close-to-Nature Silviculture (CNS) an adequate concept to adapt forests to climate change? Landbauforschung, p. 1-10, 2016. DOI: 10.3220/LBF1452526188000.
SPATHELF, P. Seminatural silviculture in southwest Germany. Forestry Chronicle, v. 73, n. 6, p. 715-722, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc73715-6
SPIECKER, H. Das Wachstum der Tannen und Fichten auf Plenterwald-Versuchsflächen des Schwarzwaldes in der Zeit von 1950 bis 1984. AFJZ, v. 157, n. 8, p. 152-164, 1986.
STOJNIC, S.; SUCHOCKA, M.; BENITO-GARZON, M. et al. Variation in xylem vulnerability to embolism in European beech from geographically marginal populations. Tree Physiol, v. 38, n. 2, p. 173-185, 2018. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpx128
WESSELY, J.; ESSL, F.; FIEDLER, K.; GATTRINGER, A.; HÜLBER, B.; IGNATEVA, O.; MOSER, D.; RAMMER, W.; DULLINGER, S.; SEIDL, R. A climate-induced tree species bottleneck for forest management in Europe. Nature Ecology & Evolution, v. 8, p. 1109–1117, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-024-02406-8
WILLIAMS, M.I.; DUMROESE, R.K. Preparing for climate change: forestry and assisted migration. J For, v. 114, p. 287–297, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5849/jof.13-016
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2025 Ciência Florestal
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
A CIÊNCIA FLORESTAL se reserva o direito de efetuar, nos originais, alterações de ordem normativa, ortográfica e gramatical, com vistas a manter o padrão culto da lingua, respeitando, porém, o estilo dos autores.
As provas finais serão enviadas as autoras e aos autores.
Os trabalhos publicados passam a ser propriedade da revista CIÊNCIA FLORESTAL, sendo permitida a reprodução parcial ou total dos trabalhos, desde que a fonte original seja citada.
As opiniões emitidas pelos autores dos trabalhos são de sua exclusiva responsabilidade.
