Mathematical model of above-ground thermal energy storage rates in a central Amazonian rainforest
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5902/2179460X53155Keywords:
Amazonia rainforest, Energy Storage, Heat fluxAbstract
The total above-ground thermal energy storage rate (S) over an area of a “terra firme” forest site in central Amazonia, Brazil, were estimated through of the direct measurements of heat flux componentes (S Obs) as well as through methodologies proposed by Michiles (2009), in which numerical analysis (S Num) and simple harmonic functions (S Mod) were applied, this last one, due to heterogeneity and biodiversity of the Amazon rainforest, of difficulties and errors related with measurement, a limited range of data were used. Were determined, during dry season of 2003, a set of forest information and meteorological variables measured through systems installed in a micrometeorological tower, assembled at Reserva Biológica do Cuieiras. In this period, days without rainfall and with little atmospheric disturbances were selected. In the daily average maximum behavior, S Obs showed the highest magnitudes, reaching up to 200 W m-2, while S Mod and S Num remained with lower values, about 62 and 108 W m-2, respectively. About 5 and 6 pm (local time), the energy release process was started, with all rates becoming negative and the daily average minimum behavior reached values between -45 and -67 W m-2.
Downloads
References
ARAÚJO, A. C.; NOBRE, A. D.; KRUIJT, B.; ELBERS, J. A.; DALLAROSA, R.; STEFANI, P.; VON RANDOW, C.; MANZI, A. O.; CULF, A. D.; GASH, J. H. C.; VALENTINI, R.; KABAT, P. Comparative measurements of carbon dioxide fluxes from two nearby towers in a central Amazonian rainforest: the Manaus LBA site. Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 107, n. D20, p. 58-1–58-20, Sep./Oct. 2002.
ARYA, S. P. 2001. Introduction to micrometeorology. San Diego: Academic Press, 2001. 307 p.
BARROSO, L. C. et al. Cálculo Numérico: com aplicações. 2ª ed. São Paulo: Harbra, 1987.
CARSWELL, F. E.; COSTA, A. L.; PALHETA, M.; MALHI, Y.; MEIR, P.; COSTA, P. R.; RUIVO, M. L.; LEAL, L. S. M.; COSTA, J. M. N., CLEMENT, R. J.; GRACE, J. Seasonality in CO2 and H2O flux at an eastern Amazonian rainforest. Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 107, n. D20, p. 43-1–43-16, Sep./Oct. 2002.
DIXON, R. K.; BROWN, S.; HOUGHTON, R. A.; SOLOMON, A. M.; TREXLER, M. C.; WISNIEWSKI, J. Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science, v.263, n. 5144, p. 185-190, Jan. 1994.
FINNIGAN, J.; PAW U, K. T.; SHAW, R. H.; SNYDER, R. L. Advanced Short Course on Agricultural, Forest and Micrometeorology. Bologna: Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, 2001. 286 p.
GALVÃO, J.A.C. 1999. Estudo do balanço de radiação em áreas de floresta e pastagem na amazônia. Dissertação de Mestrado, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, São Paulo.
MALHI, Y.; GRACE, J. Tropical forests and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Trends in Ecological & Evolution, v. 15, n. 8, p. 332-337, Aug. 2000.
MARENGO, J. A; NOBRE, C. A. OBREGÓN, G. O. Characteristics of Amazonian Climate: Main Features, 2009.
MARQUES FILHO, A. O.; DALLAROSA, R. G.; PACHÊCO, V. B. Radiação solar e distribuição vertical de área foliar em floresta: Reserva Biológica do Cuieiras – ZF2, Manaus. Acta Amazônica, v. 35, n. 4, p. 427-436, out./dez. 2005.
MICHILES, A. A. S.; GIELOW, R. Above-ground thermal energy storage rates, trunk heat fluxes and surface energy balance in a central Amazonian rainforest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 148, n.6-7, p. 917-930, Jun, 2008.
MICHILES, A. A. S. Taxas de armazenamento térmico na biomassa e balanço de energia em superfície para áreas de floresta de terra firme na Amazônia. 2009. 184 f. (INPE-15771-TDI/1514). Tese (Doutorado em Meteorologia) - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, 2009.
MONTENY, B. A.; BARBIER, J. M.; BERNOS, C. M. Determination of the energy exchanges of a forest-type culture: Hevea brasiliensis. In: Hutchison, B. A.; Hicks, B. B. (Ed.) The forest-atmosphere interaction. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1985. cap. 14, p. 211-233.
OLIVEIRA, A. N.; AMARAL, I. L.; RAMOS, M. B. P.; NOBRE, A. D.; COUTO, L. B.; SAHDO, R. M. Composição e diversidade florístico-estrutural de um hectare de floresta densa de terra firme na Amazônia central, Amazonas, Brasil. Acta Amazônica, v. 38, n. 4, p. 627-642, out./dez. 2008.
RUGGIERO, MARCIA. A. G; LOPES, VERA L. R. Cálculo Numérico: aspectos teóricos e computacionais. 2ª ed. São Paulo: Makron Books, 1997.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
To access the DECLARATION AND TRANSFER OF COPYRIGHT AUTHOR’S DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT LICENSE click here.
Ethical Guidelines for Journal Publication
The Ciência e Natura journal is committed to ensuring ethics in publication and quality of articles.
Conformance to standards of ethical behavior is therefore expected of all parties involved: Authors, Editors, Reviewers, and the Publisher.
In particular,
Authors: Authors should present an objective discussion of the significance of research work as well as sufficient detail and references to permit others to replicate the experiments. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and are unacceptable. Review Articles should also be objective, comprehensive, and accurate accounts of the state of the art. The Authors should ensure that their work is entirely original works, and if the work and/or words of others have been used, this has been appropriately acknowledged. Plagiarism in all its forms constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable. Authors should not submit articles describing essentially the same research to more than one journal. The corresponding Author should ensure that there is a full consensus of all Co-authors in approving the final version of the paper and its submission for publication.
Editors: Editors should evaluate manuscripts exclusively on the basis of their academic merit. An Editor must not use unpublished information in the editor's own research without the express written consent of the Author. Editors should take reasonable responsive measures when ethical complaints have been presented concerning a submitted manuscript or published paper.
Reviewers: Any manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should be conducted objectively, and observations should be formulated clearly with supporting arguments, so that Authors can use them for improving the paper. Any selected Reviewer who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the Editor and excuse himself from the review process. Reviewers should not consider manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the papers.
