EFICÁCIA DO ÁCIDO LINOLÉICO CONJUGADO (CLA) NA SAÚDE HUMANA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5902/2236117012988Palabras clave:
Benefícios à Saúde, Processo de Biohidrogenação, Produtos Lácteos, Doenças.Resumen
A presente revisão aborda aspectos relacionados ao ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA), bem como sua relação com as doenças. O termo CLA corresponde a uma mistura de isômeros posicionais e geométricos do ácido linoléico, sendo que, dois destes isômeros (9c, 11t e 10t, 12c) possuem atividade biológica. Os produtos lácteos são a fonte mais abundante de ácido linoléico conjugado, que se refere a um grupo de isômeros geométricos e posicionais do CLA (CLA 18:2 cis-9, cis-12). O CLA tem sido investigado pelos seus efeitos benéficos na prevenção e tratamento de uma diversidade de doenças, incluindo a obesidade, câncer, diabetes e as doenças cardiovasculares. As informações científicas que catalogam as propriedades fisiológicas do CLA, as quais servem como subsídios para alegar seu potencial como ingrediente funcional a ser utilizado na prevenção e no controle de inúmeras desordens metabólicas crônicas.
Descargas
Citas
ALONSO, L. et al. Production of free conjugated linoleic acid by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei of human intestinal origin. Journal of Dairy Science, v. 86, n. 6, p.1941-1946, 2003.
ARO, A. et al. Inverse association between dietary and serum conjugated linoleic acid and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Nutrition and Cancer, v. 38, n. 2, p. 151-157, 2000.
ATKINSON, R. Advances in conjugated linoleic acid research. AOCS Press, v. 1, p. 348-353, 1999.
BELURY, M. A. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by conjugated linoleic acid: potential mechanisms of action. Journal of Nutrition, v. 32, n.10, p. 2995-2998, 2002.
BELURY, M. A.; MAHON, A.; BANNI, S. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer, t10c12- CLA, is inversely associated with changes in body weight and serum leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Journal of Nutrition, v. 133, n. 1, 257-260, 2003.
BERGAMO, P. et al. Fat soluble vitamin contents and fatty acid composition in organic and conventional Italian dairy products. Food Chemistry, v. 82, n. 4, p. 625-631, 2003.
BHATTACHARYA, A. et al. Biological effects of conjugated linoleic acids in health and disease. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, v. 17, n. 12, p. 789-810, 2006.
BLANKSON, H. et al. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. The Journal of Nutrition, v. 130, n. 12, p. 2943-2948, 2000.
BLANKSON, H. et al. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. The Journal of Nutrition, v. 130, n. 12, p. 2943-2948, 2000.
CHAJES, V. et al. Conjugated linoleic acid content in breast adipose tissue of breast cancer patients and the risk of metastasis. Nutrition and Cancer, v. 45, n. 1, p.17-23, 2003.
CHOUINARD, P. Y. et al. An update on conjugated linoleic acid. In: CORNELL NUTRITION CONFERENCE FEED MANUFACTORY, 1999, Ithaca. Procceedings. Ithaca: Cornell University, p.93-101, 1999.
COLLOMB, M. et al. Conjugated linoleic acids milk fat: Variation and physiological effects. International Dairy Journal, v. 16, n.11, p. 1347-1361, 2006.
COLLOMB, M.; ULHER, T. Analyse de la composition en acides gras de la graisse de lait. Mitteilungen aus Lebensmitteluntersuchung und Hygiene, v. 91, n. 3, p. 306-332, 2000.
CORL, B. A. et al. The role of delta-9-desaturase in the production of cis-9, trans-11. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, v. 12, n.11, p. 622-630, 2001.
FUNCK, L. G. et al. Ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) e sua relação com a doença cardiovascular e os fatores de risco associados. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrition, v. 56, n. 2, p. 123-134, 2006.
GAZE, B. S. et al. Efeitos da suplementação de ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) e a perda de peso em animais e humanos. Revista Brasileira de Obesidade, Nutrição e Emagrecimento, v. 1, n. 4, p. 48-56, 2007.
GÓMEZ, C. C. El papel del CLA o ácido linoleico conjugado sobre la masa grasa corporal. Nutrición Clínica y Dietetética Hospitalaria, v. 24, n. 6, p. 55-60, 2004.
HA, Y. L.; GRIMM, N. K.; PARIZA, M. Anticarcionogens from fried ground beef: heat-altered derivatives of linoleic acid. Carcinogenesis, v. 8, n. 9, p. 1881-1887, 1987.
HA, Y. L.; STORKSON, J.; PARIZA, M. W. Inhibition of benzo(a)pyrene-induced mouse forestomach neoplasia by conjugad dienoic derivatives of ted linoleic acid. Cancer Res, v.50, p.1097-101, 1990.
HARGREAVES, K. M. et al. Conjugated linoleic acid does not improve insulin tolerance in mice. Obesity Research, v. 11, n. 9, p. 1104-1115, 2004.
HARGREAVES, W. A.; PARIZA, M. W. Purification and mass spectral characterization of bacterial mutagens from commercial beef extract. Cancer Research, v. 43, n. 4, p. 1467-1472, 1983.
HAUGEN, M. et al. CLA (Conjugated linoleic acid) and adverse health effects: a review of the relevant literature. Norw Institute Public Health, v. 33, p. 49-60, 2003.
HUR, S. J.; PARK, G. B.; JOO, S. T. Biological activities of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and effects of CLA on animal products. Livestock Science, v. 110, n. 3, p. 221-229, 2007.
IP, C. et al. Mammary cancer prevention by conjugated dienoic derivative of linoleic acid. Cancer Res, v. 51, n. 22, p. 6118-6124, 1991.
IP, C. et al. Effect of timing and duration of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on mammary cancer prevention. Nutrition and Cancer, v. 24, p. 241-247, 1995.
IP, C.; SCIMECA, J. A. Conjugated linoleic acid and linoleic acid are distinctive modulators of mammary carcinogenesis. Nutrition and Cancer, v. 27, n. 2, p. 131-135, 1997.
KELLY, G. S. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA): a review. Alternative Medicine Review, v. 6, n. 4, p. 367-382, 2001.
KHANAL, R. C. et al. Consumer acceptability of conjugated linoleic acid enriched milk and cheddar cheese from cows grazing on pasture. Journal of Dairy Science, v. 88, n. 5, p.1837-1847, 2005.
KNEKT, P. R. et al. Intake of dairy products and the risk of breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer, v. 73, n. 5, p. 687-691, 1996.
KRITCHEVSKY, D. et al. Influence of graded levels of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. Nutrition Research, v. 22, n. 11, p. 1275-1279, 2002.
LARSSON, S. C.; BERGKVIST, L.; WOLK, A. High-fat dairy food and conjugated linoleic acid intakes in relation to colorectal cancer incidence in the Swedish Mammography Cohort. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, v. 82, n. 4, p. 894-900, 2005.
LIBBY, P. Atherosclerosis: the new view. Scientific American, v. 286, n. 5, p. 29-37, 2002.
LIM, D.Y. et al. Inhibition of colon cancer cell proliferation by the dietary compound conjugated linoleic acid is mediated by the CDK inhibitor p21CIP1/WAF1. Journal of Cellular of Physiology, v. 205, n. 1, p. 107-113, 2005.
MARTIN, S. A.; JENKINS, T. C. Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid trans-C18:1 fatty acid production by mixed ruminal bacteria. Journal of Animal Science, v. 80, n. 12, p. 3347- 3352, 2002.
MEDEIROS, S. R. Ácido linoléico conjugado: teores nos alimentos e seu uso no aumento da produção de leite com maior teor de proteína e perfil de ácidos graxos modificado. 2002. 114f. Tese (Doutor em Agronomia) - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Piracicaba, 2002.
MEDINA, E. A. et al. Conjugated linoleic acid suppementation in humans: effects on circulating leptin concentrations and appetite. Lipids, v. 35, n. 7, p. 783-788, 2000.
NUGENT, A. P. et al. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on immune function in healthy volunteers. European Journal Clincal of Nutrition, v. 59, N. 6, p. 742-50, 2005.
O'SHEA, M. et al. Immunomodulatory properties of conjugated linoleic acid. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, v. 79, n. 6, p. 199-206, 2004.
PARIZA, M. W. et al. Effects of temperature and time on mutagen formation in pan-fried hamburger. Cancer Letters, v. 7, n. 1, p. 63, 1979.
PARIZA, M. W.; HARGREAVES, W. A. A beef-derived mutagenesis modular inhibits initiation of mouse epidermal tumors by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene. Carcinogenesis, v. 6, n. 3, p. 591-593, 1985.
PARIZA, M. W.; PARK, Y.; COOK, M. E. Mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid: evidence and speculation. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, v. 223, n. 1, p. 8-13, 2001.
PARK, H. S. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid increases the mRNA ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in the colonic mucosa of rats. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, v. 15, n. 4, p. 229-235, 2004.
PARK, Y. Conjugated linoléic acid (CLA): Good or bad trans fat? Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, v. 10, p. 1-9, 2009.
PARK, Y. et al. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice. Lipids, v. 32, n. 8, p. 853-858, 1997.
PARK, Y.; PARIZA, M. W. Evidence that commercial calf and horse can contain substantial amounts of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid. Lipids, v. 33, n. 8, p. 817-819, 1998.
PARK, Y.; PARIZA, M. W. Mechanisms of body fat modulation by conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Food Research International, v. 40, n. 3, p. 311-323, 1995.
PARODI, P. W. Conjugated linoleic acid and other anticarcinogenic agents of bovine milk fat. Journal Dairy Science, v.82, n. 6, p. 1339-1349, 1999.
POIRIER, H. et al. Nutritional supplementation with trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid induces inflammation of white adipose tissue. Diabetes, v. 55, n. 6, 1634-1641, 2006.
RAINER, L.; HEISS, C. J. Conjugated linoleic acid: health implications and effects on body composition - A review. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, v. 104, n. 6, p. 963-968, 2004.
RISÉRUS, U. et al. Supplementation with trans10cis12-conjugated linoleic acid induces hyperproinsulinaemia in obese men: close association with impaired insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia, v. 47, n. 6, p. 1016-9, 2004.
RISSANEN, H. et al. Serum fatty acids and breast cancer incidence. Nutrition and Cancer, v. 45, n. 2, p. 168-175, 2003.
RITZENTHALER, K. L. et al. Estimation of conjugated linoleic acid intake by written dietary assessment methodologies underestimates actual intake evaluated by food duplicate methodology. Journal of Nutrition, v. 131, n. 5, p. 1548-1554, 2001.
ROCHE, H. M.; NOONE, E.; GIBNEY, M. J. Conjugated linoleic acid: a novel therapeutic nutrient? Nutrition Research Reviews, v. 14, n. 1, p. 173-187, 2001.
RYDER, J. W. et al. Isomer-specific antidiabetic properties of conjugated linoleic acid. Improved glucose tolerance, skeletal muscle insulin action, and UCP-2 gene expression. Diabetes, v. 50, n. 5, p. 1149-1157, 2001.
SANTOS, L. F. Z.; BOTELHO, A. P.; OLIVEIRA, A. C. Os efeitos do ácido linoléico conjugado no metabolismo animal: avanço das pesquisas e perspectivas para o futuro. Revista de Nutrição, v. 21, n. 2, p. 195-221, 2008.
SEBEDIO, J. L.; GNÄDIG, S.; CHARDIGNY, J. M. Recent advances in conjugated linoleic acid research. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, v. 2, n. 6, p. 499-506, 1999.
SHARMA, V.; BRAITHWAITE, A.; HARGER, S. Obesity remains under diagnosed in English hospital in-patients. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, v. 3, n. 1, p.17-20, 2009.
STANGL, G. I. Conjugated linoleic acids exhibit a strong fat-to-lean partitioning effect reduce serum VLDL lipids and redistribute tissue lipids in food-restricted rats. The Journal of Nutrition, v. 130, n. 5, p. 1140-1146, 2000.
THOM, E.; WADSTEIN, J.; GUDMUNDSEN, O. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans. Journal of International Medical Research, v. 29, n. 5, p. 392-396, 2001.
TOOMEY, S. et al. Regression of pre-established atherosclerosis in the apoE-/- mouse by conjugated linoleic acid. Biochemical Society Transactions, v. 31, n. 5, p. 1075-1079, 2003.
TRICON, S. at al. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid on human health-related outcomes. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, v. 64, n. 2, p. 171-82, 2005.
TURPEINEN, A. M. et al. Immunological and metabolic effects of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid in subjects with birch pollen allergy. The British Journal of Nutrition, v. 100, n. 1, p. 112-119, 2008.
VOORRIPS, L.E. et al. Intake of conjugated linoleic acid, fat, and other fatty acids in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer: the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, v. 76, n. 4, p. 873-882, 2002.
WHALE, K. W. J.; HEYS, S. D.; ROTONDO, D. Conjugated linoleic acid: are they beneficial or detrimental to health?. Progress in Lipid Research, v. 43, n. 6, p. 553-587, 2004.
WHIGHAM, L. D.; COOK, M. E.; ATKINSON, R. L. Conjugated linoleic acid:implications for human health. Pharmacological Research, v. 42, n. 6, p. 503-510, 2000.
WILSON, T.A. et al. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces early aortic atherosclerosis greater than linoleic acid in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Nutrition Research, v. 20, n. 12, p. 1795-1805, 2000.
WOODS, V. B.; FEARON, A. M. Dietary sources of unsaturated fatty acids for animals and their transfer into meat, milk and eggs: A review. Livestock Science, v. 126, n. 1-3, p. 1-20, 2009.
YAMASAKI, M. et al. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid increases immunoglobulin productivity of Sprague-Dawley rat spleen lymphocytes. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, v. 64, n. 10, p. 2159-2164, 2000.
YURAWECZ, M. P. et al. Advances in conjugated linoleic acid research. AOCS Press, v. 1, p. 397-403, 1999.
