BIOMASS, GROWTH AND ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF YOUNG PLANTS OF <i>Bertholletia excelsa</i> BONPL. SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF IRRADIANCE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509827736Keywords:
Brazil nut, gas exchange, initial growth, tropical tree.Abstract
Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) is a light-demanding species, because in natural forest, the species depending of formation of clearings for reach reproduction size and in forest plantation, showing fast initial growth when exposed to high levels of irradiance. However, the ecophysiological traits of this species under contrasting conditions of irradiance were not investigated. In this study, in addition to growth traits, we investigated for first time the degree of plasticity of ecophysiological response of Bertholletia excelsa when subjected to contrasting irradiance environments. Young plants of Bertholletia excelsa were cultivated under three conditions of irradiance: low (20-300 µmol m-2 s-1), moderate (800-1000 µmol m-2 s-1) and high (1900-2100 µmol m-2 s-1). We analyzed the growth traits, gas exchange, chloroplastid pigment contents and, the end of experiment, the accumulation and partitioning of biomass. Young plants of Bertholletia excelsa showed the highest values of biomass, growth and photosynthesis when exposed to environments of moderate and high irradiance. Low irradiance condition stimulated more biomass partitioning for shoot and chloroplastid pigment contents. Bertholletia excelsa showed physiological plasticity under contrasting conditions of irradiance, the largest growth and biomass accumulation in environments of moderate and high irradiance were promoted by better photosynthetic performance, whereas the positive carbon balance under low irradiance is ensured by investment in structures of interception and energy harvesting.
Downloads
References
AZEVEDO, G. F. C.; MARENCO, R. A. Growth and physiological changes in saplings of Minquartia guianensis and Swietenia macrophylla during acclimation to full sunlight. Photosynthetica, Praha, v. 50, n. 1, p. 86-94, mar. 2012.
BUGBEE, B. G. Growth, analises and yield components. In: SALISBURY, F. B. (Ed.). Units, symbols and terminology for plant physiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. p. 115-119.
DAVANSO, V. M. et al. Photosynthesis, growth and development of Tabebuia avellanedae Lor. Ex Griseb. (Bignoniaceae) in flooded soil. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, Curitiba, v. 45, n. 3, p. 375-384, sept. 2002.
D'OLIVEIRA, M. V. N. Artificial regeneration in gaps and skidding trails after mechanised forest exploitation in Acre, Brazil. Forest ecology and management, Amsterdam, v. 127, n. 1, p. 67-76, mar. 2000.
ESTEBAN, R. et al. Internal and external factors affecting photosynthetic pigment composition in plants: a meta-analytical approach. New Phytologist, Malden, v. 206, n. 1, p. 268-280. abr. 2014.
EVANS, J. R.; POOTER, H. Photosynthetic acclimation of plants to growth irradiance: the relative importance of specific leaf area and nitrogen partitioning in maximizing carbon gain. Plant, Cell & Environment, Oxford, v. 24, n. 8, p. 755-767, aug. 2001.
FERREIRA, M. J. et al. Photosynthetic parameters of young Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa HB) plants subjected to fertilization in a degraded area in Central Amazonia. Photosynthetica, Praha, v. 47, n. 4, p. 616-620, dec. 2009.
FERREIRA, M. J. et al. Crescimento e eficiência do uso da água de plantas jovens de Castanheira-da-amazônia em área degradada e submetidas à adubação. Ciência Florestal, Santa Maria, v. 22, n. 2, p. 393-401, abr./jun. 2012.
GONÇALVES, J. F. C. et al. Growth, photosynthesis and stress indicators in young rosewood plants (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) under different light intensities. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, Londrina, v. 17, n. 3, p. 325-334, jul./set. 2005.
GONÇALVES, J. F. C. et al. Efeito do ambiente de luz no crescimento de plantas jovens de mogno (Swietenia macrophylla King). Scentia Florestalis, Piracicaba, v. 40, n. 95, p. 337-344, set. 2012.
HALLIK, L. et al. Photosynthetic acclimation to light in woody and herbaceous species: a comparison of leaf structure, pigment content and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics measured in the field. Plant Biology, Freiburg, v. 14, n. 1, p. 88-99, jan. 2012.
HANSEN, U. et al. Variation of pigment composition and antioxidative systems along the canopy light gradient in a mixed beech/oak forest: a comparative study on deciduous tree species differing in shade tolerance. Trees, Berlin, v. 16, n. 4-5, p. 354-364, may 2002.
HAYASHIDA-OLIVER, Y. et al. Influencia de la disponibilidad de agua y luz en el crecimiento y la morfología de plantines de Swietenia macrophylla, Cedrela odorata y Bertholletia excelsa. Ecologia en Bolívia, La Paz, v. 35, p. 51-60, 2001.
HENDRY, G. A. F.; PRICE, A. H. Stress indicators: chlorophylls and carotenoids. In: HENDRY, G. A. F.; GRIME, J. P. (Eds). Methods in comparative plant ecology. London: Chapman and Hall, 1993.
KAINER, K. A. et al. Brazil nut seedling establishment and autecology in extractive reserves of Acre, Brazil. Ecological Applications, New York, v. 8, n. 2, p. 397-410, may 1998.
KAMALUDDIN, M.; GRACE, J. Growth and photosynthesis of tropical forest tree seedlings (Bischofia javanica Blume) as influenced by a change in light availability. Tree Physiology, Victoria, v. 13, n. 2, p. 189-201, set. 1993.
KENZO, T. et al. Height-related changes in leaf photosynthetic traits in diverse Bornean tropical rain forest trees. Oecologia, Berlin, v. 177, n. 1, p. 191-202, jan. 2015.
KITAJIMA, K.; HOGAN, K. P. Increases of chlorophyll a/b ratios during acclimation of tropical woody seedlings to nitrogen limitation and high light. Plant, cell & environment, Oxford, v. 26, n. 6, p. 857-865, jun. 2003.
KRAUSE, G. H. et al. Photosynthesis, photoprotection, and growth of shade-tolerant tropical tree seedlings under full sunlight. Photosynthesis research, Tempe, v. 113, n. 1-3, p. 273-285, set. 2012.
LICHTENTHALER, H. K.; WELLBURN, A. Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochemical Society Transactions, London, v. 11, p. 591–592, 1983.
LICHTENTHALER, H. K. et al. Differences in pigment composition, photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll fluorescence images of sun and shade leaves of four tree species. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Bari, v. 45, n. 8, p. 577-588, aug. 2007.
LICHTENTHALER, H. K. et al. Chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics, photosynthetic activity, and pigment composition of blue-shade and half-shade leaves as compared to sun and shade leaves of different trees. Photosynthesis research, Tempe, v. 117, n. 1-3, p. 355-366, nov. 2013.
MATSUBARA, S. et al. Sun-shade patterns of leaf carotenoid composition in 86 species of neotropical forest plants. Functional Plant Biology, Melbourne, v. 36, p. 20-36, jan. 2009.
MOLL-ROCEK, J. et al. Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa, Lecythidaceae) regeneration in logging gaps in the peruvian amazon. International Journal of Forestry Research, New York, v. 2014, p. 1-8, mar. 2014.
MORI, S. A.; PRANCE, G. T. Taxonomy, ecology, and economic botany of the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa humb. & Bonpl.: Lecythidaceae). Advances in Economic Botany, New York, v. 8, p. 130-150, 1990.
MYERS, G. P. et al. The influence of canopy gap size on natural regeneration of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) in Bolivia. Forest Ecology and Management, Amsterdam, v. 127, n. 1-3, p. 119-128, mar. 2000.
NIINEMETS, Ü. A review of light interception in plant stands from leaf to canopy in different plant functional types and in species with varying shade tolerance. Ecological Research, Tokyo, v. 25, n. 4, p. 693-714, jul. 2010.
OGUCHI, R. et al. Leaf anatomy as a constraint for photosynthetic acclimation: differential responses in leaf anatomy to increasing growth irradiance among three deciduous trees. Plant, Cell & Environment, Oxford, v. 28, n. 7, p. 916-927, jul. 2005.
PEÑA-CLAROS, M. et al. Enrichment planting of Bertholletia excelsa in secondary forest in the Bolivian Amazon: effect of cutting line width on survival, growth and crown traits. Forest Ecology and Management, Amsterdam, v. 161, n. 1-3, p. 159-168, may 2002.
POORTER, H. et al. Biomass allocation to leaves, stems and roots: meta-analyses of interspecific variation and environmental control. New Phytologist, Malden, v. 193, n. 1, p. 30-50, jan. 2012.
POORTER, L. Light-dependent changes in biomass allocation and their importance for growth of rain forest tree species. Functional Ecology, London, v. 15, n. 1, p. 113-123, feb. 2001.
SANTOS JÚNIOR, U. M. et al. Growth, leaf nutrient concentration and photosynthetic nutrient use efficiency in tropical tree species planted in degraded areas in Central Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management, Amsterdam, v. 226, n. 1-3, p. 299-309, may 2006.
SCHROTH, G. et al. Growth and nutrient accumulation of Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa) in agroforestry at different fertilizer levels. Journal of Forestry Research, Harbin, v. 26, n. 2, p. 347-353, jan. 2015.
SCOLES, R. et al. Crescimento e sobrevivência de castanheira (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl., Lecythidaceae) plantada em diferentes condições de luminosidade após seis anos de plantio na região do rio Trombetas, Oriximiná, Pará. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Naturais, Belém, v. 9, n. 2, p. 321-336, maio/ago. 2014.
SOUZA, C. R. et al. Comportamento de espécies florestais em plantios a pleno sol e em faixas de enriquecimento de capoeira na Amazônia. Acta Amazonica, Manaus, v. 40, n. 1, p. 127-134, mar. 2010.
STATSOFT. Statistica. 2010. Data Analysis Software System version 9.0.
SWAINE, M. D.; WHITMORE, T. C. On the definition of ecological species groups in tropical rain forests. Vegetatio, Dordrecht, v. 75, n. 1-2, p. 81-86, may 1988.
TONINI, H. et al. Relação da produção de sementes de castanha-do-Brasil com características morfométricas da copa e índices de competição. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 43, n. 11, p. 1509-1516, nov. 2008.
TRIPATHI, S. N.; RAGHUBANSHI, A. S. Seedling growth of five tropical dry forest tree species in relation to light and nitrogen gradients. Journal of Plant Ecology, Oxford, v. 7, n. 3, p. 250-263, jun. 2014.
WEERASINGHE, L. K. et al. Canopy position affects the relationships between leaf respiration and associated traits in a tropical rainforest in Far North Queensland. Tree physiology, Oxford, v. 34, n. 6, p. 564-584, apr. 2014.
WIENER, E. M. Ecological research and the management of Young successional forests: a case study on the reintroduction of native tree species on a Terra Firme site in northeastern Peru. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, New Haven, v. 29, n. 6-8, p. 571-590, oct. 2010.
ZUIDEMA, P. A. et al. Crecimiento de plantines de Bertholletia excelsa HBK em función de su tamaño y la disponibilidad de luz. Ecologia en Bolívia, La Paz, v. 33, p. 23-35, out. 1999.
