Ações biológicas de compostos de selênio e telúrio: efeitos tóxicos sobre o sistema nervoso central
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5902/2179460X27244Abstract
The biochemistry and pharmacology of selenium is a subject of intense current interest, particularly from the viewpoint of public health. Selenium, long recognized as a dietary oxidant, is now known to be an essential component of the active sites of several enzymes. In contrast to the case of selenium, surprisingly little is known of the occurrence of tellurium in biological systems. However, tellurium shares chemical characteristics with selenium. Taking into account, researches that focus on biological activities of selenium and tellurium are the greatest interest. These compounds are important intermediates in organic synthesis and present some pharmacological properties. Besides, selenium and tellurium can oxidize SH groups of proteins since they could be toxic to animais. Based in this property, some studies revealed that selenium and tellurium are potentially neurotoxic. In this way, this review point out toxic effects induced by selenium and tellurium organic compounds highlight the effects on central nervous system.Downloads
References
AGNEW, W.F. Transplacental uptake of 127 tellurium studied by wholebody autoradiography. Teratology 6: 331-338 (1972).
AMDUR, M.L. Tellurium oxide. An animal study in acute toxicity. Arch. Industr.Health 17: 665-667 (1958).
BARBOSA, N.B.V.; ROCHA, J.B.T.; ZENI, G.; EMANUELLI, T.; BEQUE, M.C.; BRAGA, A.L. Effect of inorganic forms of selenium on delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase from liver, kidney and brain of adult rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 149: 243-253 (1998).
BEDWALL, R.S.; NAIR, N.; SHARMA, M.P.; MATHUR, R.S. Selenium its biological perspectives. Med. Hypotheses 41: 150-159 (1993).
BEHNÉ, D. & KYRIAKOPOULOS, A. Identification of type I iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase as a selenoenzyme. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co. 173: 1143-1149 (1990).
BLAIS, F.X.; ONISCHUK, R.T.; DE MEIO, R.H. Hemolysis by tellurite In: The tellurite test for hemolysis. J. AOA. 73 (1972).
BOLZAN, R.C.; FOLMER, V.; FARINA, M.; ZENI, G.; NOGUEIRA, C.W.; ROCHA, J.B.T.; EMANUELLI, T. d-Aminolevulinate dehydratase inhibition by phenyl selenoacetylene. Effect of reaction with hydrogen peroxide. Pharmacol Toxicol. 90 (4): 214-9 (2002).
BRAGA, A.L.; SILVEIRA, C.C.; ZENI, G.; SEVERO, W.A.; STEFANI, H.A. Synthesis of selenocetais from enol ethers. J. Chem. Res. (S) 206-207 (1996).
BRAGA, A.L.; ZENI, G.; ANDRADE, L.H.; SILVEIRA, C.C. Stereoconservative formation and reativity of a-chalcogen functionalized vinylithium compounds from bromo-vinylic chalcogens. Synlett 5: 595-596 (1997).
CADENAS, E. & SIES, H. Oxidative stress: excited oxygen species and enzyme activity. Adv. Enzyme Regul. 23: 217-237 (1985).
CLAYTON, G.D. & CLAYTON, FE. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. Eds, John Wiley, Chilchester (1981).
COHEN, M.V. Free redicals in ischemic and reperfusion myocardial injury: is this time for clinical trials? Ann. Intern. Med. 111: 918-931 (1989).
COLLlNGRIDGE, G.L. & LESTER, RAJ. Excitatory amino acids receptors in the vertebrate central nervous system. Pharmacol. Rev. 40: 143-210 (1989).
COMASSETO, J.V. Vinylic selenides. J. Organomet. Chem. 253: 131-181 (1983).
COMASSETO, JV; LlNG, L.W; PETRAGNANI, N.; STEFANI, H.A. Vinylic selenides and tellurides - preparations, reactivity and synthetic applications. Synthesis-Stuttgart 4: 373 (1997).
CUVIN-ARALAR, M.L. & FURNESS, R.W Mercury and selenium interaction: a review. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Health 21: 348-364 (1991).
D'GREGORIO, R.E.P. & MILLER, R.K. Teratogenicity of tellurium dioxide: prenatal assessment. Teratology 37: 307-316 (1988).
DAIBER, A.; ZOU, M.; BACHSCHMIO, M.; ULLRICH, V. Ebselen as a peroxynitrite scavenger in vitro and ex vivo. Biochem. Pharmacol. 59: 153-160 (2000)
DANBOLT, N.C. Glutamate uptake. Pro. Neurobiol. 65: 1-105 (2000).
DEUTICKE, B.; LÜTKEMEIER, P.;POSE, B. Tellurite-induced damage of the erythrocyte membrane. Manifestations and mechanisms. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1109: 97-107 (1992).
DIAZ, J.P.; NAVARRO, M.; LOPEZ, H.; LOPEZ, M.C. Oetermination of selenium levels in dairy products and drinks by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry: correlation with daily dietary intake. Food Addit. Contam. 14: 109-114 (1997).
ELLlNGSEN, O.G.; HOLLANO, R.I.; THOMASSEN, Y; LANOROOLSTAO, M.; FRENCH, W; KJUUS, H. Mercury and selenium in workers previously exposed to mercury vapour at a chloroalkali plant. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 50: 745-752 (1993).
ENGMAN, L.; STERN, O.; COTGREAVE, IA; ANOERSSON, C.M. Thiol peroxidase activity of diaryl ditellurides as determined by a 1H NMR method. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114: 9737-9743 (1992).
EVANS, J.P.; WHITEMAN, M.; TREOGER, J.M.; HALLlWELL, B. Antioxidant properties of s-adenosyl-L-methionine: a proposed addition to organ storage fluids. Free Radical Bio. Med. 23: 1002-1008 (1997).
FARINA, M.; FOLMER, V.; BOLZAN, R.; ANORAOE, L.H.; ZENI, G. Selenoxides inhibit d-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Toxicol, Lett. 119: 27-37 (2001).
FAVIER, A.E. In: Schulemmer U. Nutritional and clinical factors affecting the bioavailability of trace elements in humans. Germany: Ettlingen, 1993. 93, 202-211 Bioavailability.
FLOYD, R.A. Role of oxigen free radicais in carcinogenesis and brain ischemia. FASEB J. 4: 2587-2597 (1990).
FONNUM, F. Glutamate: a neurotransmitter in mammaliam brain. J. Neurochem. 42: 1-11 (1984).
FRANKE, K.W. A new toxicant occurring naturally in certain samples of plants foodstuffs. I. Results obtained in preliminary feeding trials. J. Nutr. 8: 597-608 (1934).
FRANKE, K.W. & MOXON, A.L. The toxicity of orally ingested arsenic , selenium, tellurium, vanadium and molybdenum. J. Pharrnacol. 61: 89-102 (1937).
FROST, D.V. & LlSH, P.M. Selenium in biology. Annu. Rev. 15: 259-284 (1983).
GANTHER, H.E. Selenotrisulfides. Formation by reaction of thiols with selenious acid. Biochemistry 7: 2898-2905 (1968).
GANTHER, H.E. Reduction of the selenotrisulfide derivative of glutathione to a persulfide analog by glutathione reductase. Biochemistry 10: 4089-4098 (1971).
CHALLENGER, F. Biological methylation. Q. Chem. Rev. Soc. 9: 255-286 (1955).
GOZLAN, H. & BEM-ARI, Y. NMOA receptor redox sites: are they targets for selective neuronal protection? TiPS 16: 368-375 (1995).
GUPTA, N. & PORTER, T.O. Inhibition of human squalene monooxygenase by selenium compounds. J. Biochem. MoI. Tóxicol. 16: 18-23 (2001).
HALLlWELL, B. Antioxidant characterization: methodology and mechanism. Biochem. Pharm. 49: 1341-1348 (1995).
HALLlWELL, B. Vitamin C: poison, prophylactic or panacea? Trends Biochem. Sci. 24: 255-257 (1999).
HALLlWELL, B. & GUTTERIDGE, J.M.C. Role of free radicais and catalytic metal ions in human disease: an overview. Method. Enzyrnol. 186: 1-5 (1990).
HAMBERGER, A.; BERTHOLO, C.; KARLSSON, B.; LEHMANN, A.; NYSTROM, B. Extracellular GABA, glutamatte and glutamine in vivo - perfusion-dialysis of rabbit hippocampus. Neurol, Neurobiol. 7: 473-492 (1983).
HARRY, G.J.; GOODRUM, J.F.; BOULDIN, T.W.; WAGNER-RECIO, M.; TOEWS, A.D.; MORELL, P. Tellurium-induced neuropathy: metabolic alterations associates with demyelination and remyelination in rat sciatic nerve. J. Neurochem. 52: 938-945 (1989).
HEADLEY, P.M. & GRILLNER, S. Excitatory amino acids and synaptic transmission: the evidence for a physiological function. Trends Pharrnacol. Sci. 11: 205-211 (1990).
HERIN, G.A., DU, S., AIZENMAN, E. The neuroprotective agent Ebselen modifies NMOA receptor function via the redox modulatory site. J. Neurochem. 78: 1037-1314 (2001).
IMAI, H.; GRAHAM. D.I.; MASAYASU, H.; MACRAE, I.M. Antioxidant Ebselen reduces oxidative damage in focal cerebral ischemia. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 34, 56-63 (2003).
JACQUES-SILVA, M.C.; NOGUEIRA, C.W.; BROCH, L.C.; FLORES, E.M.M. Oiphenyl diselenide and ascorbic acid changes deposition of selenium and ascorbic acid in liver and brain of mice. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 88: 119-125 (2001).
JANSSEN, A.M.; BOSMAN, C.B.; SIER, C.F.; GRIFFIOEN, G. SODs in relation to the overall survival of colorectal cancer patients. Brit. J. Cancer 78: 1051-1057 (1998).
JOHNSTON, M.V. Neurotransmitters and vulnerability of the developing brain. Brain Oev. 17: 301-306 (1995).
JOURD'HEUIL, O.; MILLS, L.; MILES, A.M.; GRISHAM, M.B. Effect of nitric oxide on hematoprotein-catalyzed oxidative reactions. Nitric Oxide 2: 37-42 (1998).
KANDA, T.; ENGMAN, L.; COTGREAVE, I.A; POWIS, G. Novel watersoluble diorganyl tellurides with thiol peroxidase and antioxidant activity. J. Org. Chem. 64: 8161-8169 (1999).
KHAYAT, A. & DENCHER, L. Interactions between tellurium and mercury in murine lung and other organs after metallic mercury inhalation: a comparasion with selenium. Chem. Biol. Interac. 50: 123-133 (1984).
KLAYMAN, D.L. & GÜNTHER, W.H. (Eds), Organic selenium compounds: their chemistry and biology, John Wiley and sons, New York, 68-157pp (1973).
KOMURO, H. & RAKIC, P. Modulation of neuronal migration by NMDA receptors. Science 260: 95-97 (1993).
KONDOH, S.; NEGASAWA, S.; KAWANISHI, M.; YAMAGUSHI, K.; KAJIMOTO, S.; OHTA, T. Effects of ebselen on cerebral ischemis and reperfusion evaluated by microdialysis. Neurol. Res. 21: 682-686 (1999).
KRISHNA, M.C.; RUSSO, A.; MITCHELL, J.B.; GOLDSTEIN, S. Do nitroxide antioxidants act as scavengers of superoxide or as superoxide dismutase mimics? J. Biol. Chem. 271: 26026-26031 (1996).
La MANTIA, A.S. The usual suspects: GABA and glutamate may regulate proliferation in the neocortex. Neuron 15: 1223-1225 (1995).
LACASSE, Y. & RICHTER, C. Toxicité du sélénium et de ses dérivés. Union Med. Cano 1192-1199 (1976).
LADEN, B. & PORTER, T. Inhibition of human squalene monooxygenase by tellurium compounds. Evidence of interaction with vicinal sulfhydryls. J. Lipid Res. 42: 235-240 (2001).
LAMPERT, P.W. & GARETT, R.S. Mechanism of demyelination in tellurium neuropathy. Electron microscopic observation. Lab. Invest. 25: 380-388 (1971).
LEHMANN, A.; ISACSSON, H.; HAMBERGER, A. Effects of in vivo administration of kainic acid on the extracellular amino acid pool in the rabbit hippocampus. J. Neurochem. 40: 1314-1320 (1983).
LEVANDER, O.A. & BURK, R.F.. In: Shils M.E., Olson J.Á, Shike, M. Modern nutrition in health and disease. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1994, 242-251, Selenium.
LEVANDER, O.A.; MORRIS, O.A.; HIGGS, D.J. Selenium as a catalyst for the reduction of cytochrome c by glutathione. Biochemistry 6: 4591-4595 (1983).
LI, Y & CAO, Z. The neuroprotectant ebselen inhibits oxidative DNA damage induced by dopamine in the presence of copper ions. Neurosci. LeU. 330: 69-73 (2002).
LlTOV, RE. & COMBS, G.F. EI selenio en nutrición pediátrica. Pediatrics 31: 159-171 (1991).
MACIEL, E.N.; BOLZAN, R.C.; BRAGA, A.L.; ROCHA, J.B.T. Diphenyl diselenide and diphenyl ditelluride differentialy affect dAminolevulinate dehydratase from liver, kidney and brain of mice. J. Biochem. MoI. Toxicol. 14: 310-319 (2000).
MARTIN, J.L. & GERLACK, M.L. Selenium metabolism in animais. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 192: 193-199 (1972).
MATÉS, J.M. Effects of antioxidant enzymes in the molecular control of reactive oxygen species toxicology. Toxicology 153: 83-104 (2000).
McDONALD, J.W. & JOHNSTON, M.V. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of excitatory amino acids during central nervous system development. Brain Res. Rev. 15: 41-70 (1990).
McKENZIE, R.C.; RAFFERTY, T.S.; BECKETT, G.J. Selenium: an essential element for immune function. Immunol. Today 19: 324-345 (1998).
MELDRUM, B.S.; AKBAR, M.T.; CHAPMAN, A.G. Glutamate receptors and transporters in genetic and acquired models of epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 36: 189-204 (1999).
MELOV, S.; SCHNEIDER, J.A.; DAY, B.J.; HINERFELD, D.; COSKUN, P. A novel neurological phenotype in mice lacking mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase. Nat. Genet. 18: 159-163 (1998).
MEODI, F.C.; BORGES, V.C.; ZENI, G.; ROCHA, J.B.T.; NOGUEIRA, C.W. Potential Renal and Hepatic Toxicity of Oiphenyl Oiselenide, Oiphenyl Oitelluride and Ebselen for Rats and Mice. Toxicol. Lett. 143: 9-16 (2003).
MORELL, P.; TOEWS, A.D.; WAGNER, M.; GOODRUM, J.F. Gene expression during tellurium-induced primary demyelination. Neurotoxicology 15:171-180 (1994).
MOUSSAOUI, S.; OBINU, M.C.; DANIEL,N.; REIBAUD, M.; BLANCHARD, V.; IMPERATO, A. The antioxidant Ebselen prevents neurotoxicity and clinical symptoms in a primate model of Parkinson's disease. Exp. Neurol. 166: 235-245 (2000).
MÜLLER, A.; CADENAS, E.; GRAF, P.; SIES, H. A novel biologically active seleno-organic compound. In: Glutathione peroxidase-like activity in-vitro and antioxidant capacity of PZ-51 (ebselen). Biochem. Pharmacol. 33: 3235-3239 (1984).
MÜLLER, R.; ZSCHIESCHE, W; STEFFEN, H.M.; SCHALLER, K.H. Tellurium intoxication. Klin. Wocherschr. 67: 1152-1155 (1989).
NAVARRO-ALARCÓN, M. & LÓPEZ-MARTINEZ, M.C. Essentiality of selenium in the human body: relationship with different diseases. Sci. Total Environ. 249: 347-371 (2000).
NEVE, J.; HENRY, M.; PERETZ, A. & MARESCHI, J.P. L'importance nutritionnelle du sélenium. Cah. Nutr. Oiet 22: 145-162 (1987).
NOGUEIRA, C.W, MACIEL, E.N., ZENI, G., GRAÇA, D., ROCHA, J.B.T. Biochemical toxicology of simpie diorganyl chalcogenides. ECSOC, http://www.mdpi.netlecsoc-5/. [d0013) (2001a).
NOGUEIRA, C.W.; MEOTTI, F.C.; CURTE, E.; PILlSSÃO, C.; ZENI, G.; ROCHA, J.B.T. Investigations into potential neurotoxicity induced by diselenides in mice and rats. Toxicology 183: 29-37 (2003a).
NOGUEIRA, C.W.; QUINHONES, E.B.; JUNG, E.A.C.; ZENI, G.; ROCHA, J.B.T. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of diphenyl diselenide. Inflamm. Res. 52: 56-63 (2003b).
NOGUEIRA, C.W; ROTTA, L.N.; PERRY, M.L.; SOUZA, D.O.; ROCHA, J.B.T. Oiphenyl diselenide and diphenyl ditelluride affect the rat glutamatergic system "in vitro" and "in vivo". Brain Res. 906: 157-163 (2001b).
NOGUEIRA, C.W; ROTTA, L.N.; ZENI,G.; SOUZA, D.O.; ROCHA, J.B.T. Exposure to Ebselen changes glutamate uptake and release by rat brain synaptosomes. Neurochem. Res. 3: 283-288 (2002).
OKAMOTO, Y. & GÜNTHER, W.H. Organic selenium and tellurium chemistry. Ann.NY Acad. Sei Part lii. 1972. Bilogical aspects of organic selenium and tellurium compounds – Metabolic interrelationship and adaptations in selenium toxieity.
ORTUNÕ, J.; ROS, G.; PERIAGO, M.; MARTINEZ, C.; LOPEZ, G. Selenium bioavailability and methods of evaluation. Food Sci. Technol. Int. 2: 135-150 (1996).
OTTERSEN, O.P. & STORM-MATHISEN, J. In: Björklund, A., Hökfelt, T, Kuhar, M.J. Neurons containing or accumulating transmitter amino acids. Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1984. Part 11 3: 141-246. Classical Transmitters and Transmitter Receptors in the CNS.
OZAWA, S.; KAMIYA, H.; TSUZUKI, K. Glutamate receptors in the mammalian central nervous system. Prog. Neurobiol. 54: 581-618 (1998).
PAINTER, E.P. The chemistry and toxicity of selenium compounds, with speeial reference to the selenium problem. Chem. Rev. 28: 179-213 (1941).
PARKES, TL.; ELIA, A.J. DICKINSON, D.; HILUKER, A.J. Extension of Orosophila lifespan by overexpression of human S0D1 in motorneurons. Nat. Genet. 19: 171-174 (1998).
PARNHAM, M.J. & GRAF, E. Pharmacology of synthetic organic selenium compounds. Prog. Orug Res. 36: 10-47 (1991).
PAULMIER, C. Organic Synthesis Selenium. Oxford: Pergamon, 1986. Reagents and Intermediates.
PAZ, M.J.D. Espécies acetilênicas vinílicas e alquílicas contendo telúrio. Tese de doutorado. São Paulo, Departamento de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, USP (1989).
PEROTTONI, J.; RODRIGUES, O.E.D.; PAIXÃO, M.W.; ZENI, G.; LOBATO, L.P.; BRAGA, A.L.; ROCHA, J.B.T.; EMANUELLI, T. Renal and hepatic ALA-O activity and selected oxidative stress parameters of rats exposed to inorganic mercury and organoselenium compounds. Food. Chem. Toxicol. In press (2003).
PETRAGNANI, N. In: Mckillop A. Comprehensive organometallic chemistry 11. Exeter, UK, Pergamon Press, 1995.
PETRAGNANI, N.; RODRIGUES, R.; COMASSETO, J.V. Reaction of selenenyl halides with wittig reagents. J. Organomet. Chem. 114: 281-292 (1976).
PORCIÚNCULA, L.O.; ROCHA, J.B.T.; BOECK. C.R.; VENDITE, D.; SOUZA, D.O. Ebselen prevents excitotocity provoked by glutamate in rat cerebellar granule neurons. Neurosci. LeU. 299: 271-220 (2001).
PRATICÒ, D. & DELANTY, N. Oxidative injury in diseases of the central nervous system: focus on Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Med. 109: 577-585 (2000).
PRICE, D.L. New order from neurological disorders. Nature 399: A3-A5 (1999).
ROSSATO, J.I.; KETZER, L.A.; CENTURIÃO, F.B.; SILVA, S.J.N.; LÜDTKE, D.S.; ZENI, G.; BRAGA, A.L.; RUBIN, M.A.; ROCHA, J.B.T. Antioxidant properties of new chalcogenides against lipid peroxidation in rat brain. Neurochem.1 Res. 3: 297-303 (2002a).
ROSSATO, J.I.; ZENI, G.; MELLO, C.F.; RUBIN, M.A.; ROCHA, J.B.T. Ebselen blocks the quinolinic acid-induced production of thiobarbituric acid reactive species but does not prevent the behavioral alterations produced by intra-striatal quinolinic acid administration in rat. Neurosci. Lett. 318: 137-140 (2002b).
ROTRUCK, J.T.; POPE, A.L.; GANTHER, H.E.; SWANSON, A.B.; HAFEMAN, O.G.; HOEKSTRA, W.G. Selenium: biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science 179: 588-590 (1981).
SAITO, Y; HASHIMOTO, T.; SASAKI, M.; HANAOKA, S.; SUGAI, K. Effect of selenium deficiency on cardiac of individuais with severe disabilities under long- term tube feeding. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 40: 743-748 (1998).
SCANSETTI, G. Exposure to metais that have recently come into use. Sei. Total Environ. 120: 85-91 (1992).
SCHWARTZ, K. & FOLTZ, C.M. Selenium as a integral part of factor 3 against dietary necrotic liver degeneration. J. Am. Chem. Soe. 79: 200-214 (1957).
SCHWARZ, K. A possible site of action for vitamin E in intermediary metabolism. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 9: 71 (1961).
SEKO, Y; SAITO, Y; KITAHARA, J.; IMURA, N. Selenium in biology and medicine. Berlin: Springer-Verlag., 1989,70-73 Active oxygen generation by the reaction of selenite with reduced glutathione in vitro.
SIES, H. Ebselen, a selenoorganic compound as glutathione peroxidase mimic. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 14: 313-323 (1993).
SMIALEKM.; GAJKOWSKA, B.; OTREBSKA, D. Electron Microscopy studies on the neurotoxic effect of sodium tellurite in the central nervous system of the adult rat. J. Brain Res. 35: 223-232 (1994).
SMITH, A.M. & PICCIANO, M.F. Relative bioavailability of seleniumcompounds in the lactating rat. J. Nutr. 117: 725-731 (1987).
SPALLHOLZ, J.E. On the nature of selenium toxicity and carcinostatic activity. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 20: 131-145 (1993).
SREDNI, B.; CASPI, R.R.; KALECHMAN, Y.; DANZIGER, Y.; BENYA'AKOV TAMARI, T. SHALlT, F.; ALBECK, M. A new immunomodulating compound (AS-101) with potential therapeutic application. Nature 330: 173-176 (1987).
STADTMAN, TC. Selenium-dependent enzymes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49: 93-110 (1980).
STEWART, N.G. & CROOKS, R.N. Long-range travel of the radioactive cloud from the accident at Windscale. Nature 182: 627-628 (1958).
SUN, X.; WONG, J.R.; SONG, K.; CHEN, L.B. Anticarcinoma activity of a novel drug, 3-ethyl-3'methyl-thiatelluracarbocyanine iodite (Te) a tellurium- containing cyanine targeted at mitochondria. Clin. Canc. Res. 2: 1335-1340 (1996).
SVIJAKOV, K.I. & BRAUN, NA A possible site of action for vitamin E in intermediary metabolism. Am. J. Clin. Nut. 9: 71 (1959).
SVIRBELY, J.L. Vitamin C studies in the rat. The effect of selenium dioxide, sodium selenate and tellurate. Biochem. J. 32: 467 (1938).
TAKASAGO, T; PETERS, E.E.; GRAHAM, D.I.; MASAYASU, H., MACRAE, I.M. Neuroprotective efficacy of ebselen, an antioxidant with anti-inflammatory actions, in a rodent model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Br. J. Pharmacol. 122: 1251-1256 (1997).
TAN, Y.X.; LI, W.H.; TAO, X.B.; JIANG, Y.Y.; CHEN, W.P.; ZHOU, B. Protection of ebselen against anoxic damage of culture neurons of cerebral cortex. Acta Pharmacol. Sino 18: 201-203 (1997).
TAYLOR, A. Biochemistry of tellurium. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 55: 231-239 (1996).
TOEWS, A.D.; ECKERMANN, C.E.; ROBERSON, M.D.; LEE, S.Y.; MORELL, P. Primary demyelination induced by exposure to tellurium alters mRNA levels for nerve growth factor receptor, SCIP, 2'3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, and myelin proteolipid protein in rat sciatic nerve. Mol. Brain Res. 11: 321-325 (1991).
TRELEASE, S.F. & BEATH, O.A. Selenium: its geological occurrence and its biological effects in relation to botany, chemistry, agriculture, nutrition and medicine. Burlington, VT: The Champlain Printers (1949).
TROTTI, D.; NUSSBERGER, S.; VOLTERRA, A.; HEOIGER, M.A. Oifferential modulation of the uptake currents by redox interconversion of cysteine residues in the human neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9: 2207-2212 (1997).
TSEN, C.C. & COLLlER, H.B. Selenite as a relatively weak inhibitor of some sulfhydryl enzime systems. Nature 183: 1327 (1959).
TSEN, C.C. & TAPPEL, AL. Catalytic oxidation of glutathione and other sulphydril compounds biselenite. J. Biol. Chem. 233: 1230-1232 (1958).
URSINI, F & BINFOLl, A The role of selenium peroxidases in the protection against oxidative damage of membranes. Chem. Phys. Lipids 44: 255-276 (1987).
URSINI, F; MAIORINO, M.; VALENTE, M.; FERRI, K.; GREGOLlN, C. Purification of pig liver of a protein which protects lipossomes and biomembranes from peroxidative degradation and exhibits glutathione peroxidase activity on phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxidase. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 710: 197-211 (1982).
VALLANO, M.L. Developmental aspects of NMDA receptor function. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 12: 177-204 (1998).
VAN VLEET, J.FV. & FERRANS, V.J. Ultrastructural alterations in skeletal muscle of ducklings fed selenium-vitamin E-deficient diet. Am. J. Vet. Res. 38: 1399-1405 (1982).
WAGNER-RECIO, M.; TOEWS A.D.; MORELL, P. Tellurium blocks cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting squalene metabolism: Preferential vulnerability to this metabolic block leads to peripheral nervous system demyelination. J. Neurochem. 57: 1981-1901 (1991).
WENDEL, A.; FAUSEL, M.; SAFAYHI, H.; TIEGS, G. A novel biologically active seleno-organic compound - 11. Activity of PZ 51 in relation to glutathione peroxidase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 33: 3241-3245 (1984).
WHANGER, P.D.; PEDERSEN, N.D.; HATFIELD, J.; WESWING, P.H. Absortion of selenite and selenomethionine from ligated digestive tract segments in rats. Proc. Soe. Exp. Biol. Med. 153: 295-297 (1976).
WIDY-TYSZKIEWICZ, E.; PIECHAL, A.; GAJKOWSKA, B.;SMIALEK, M. Tellurium-induced cognitive deficits in rats are related to neuropathological changes in the central nervous system. Toxicol. Lett. 131: 203-214 (2002).
WILBER, C.G. Toxicology of selenium: a review. Clin. Toxicol. 17(2): 171-230 (1980).
WILLMORE, L.J. Post-traumatic epilepsy: cellular mechanisms and implications for treatment. Epilepsia 31: 67-73 (1990).
WILSON, S.R.; ZUCKER, P.A.; HUANG, R.R.C.; SPECTOR, A. Development of synthetic compounds whit glutathione peroxidase activity. J. Am. Chem. Soe. 111: 5936-5939 (1989).
YAMAGUCHI, T.; SANO, K.; TAKAKURA, K.; SAlTO, 1.; SHINOHARA, Y.; ASANO, T.; YASUHARA, H. Ebselen in acute ischemic stroke. A placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Stroke 29: 12-17 (1998).
YAN, L. & SPALLHOLZ, J.E. Free radical generation by selenium compounds. FASEB J 5A: 581 (1991).
YOUNG, V.R.; NAHAPETIAU, A.; JONGHORBONI, M. Selenium bioavailability with reference to human nutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nut. 35: 1076-1088 (1981).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
To access the DECLARATION AND TRANSFER OF COPYRIGHT AUTHOR’S DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT LICENSE click here.
Ethical Guidelines for Journal Publication
The Ciência e Natura journal is committed to ensuring ethics in publication and quality of articles.
Conformance to standards of ethical behavior is therefore expected of all parties involved: Authors, Editors, Reviewers, and the Publisher.
In particular,
Authors: Authors should present an objective discussion of the significance of research work as well as sufficient detail and references to permit others to replicate the experiments. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and are unacceptable. Review Articles should also be objective, comprehensive, and accurate accounts of the state of the art. The Authors should ensure that their work is entirely original works, and if the work and/or words of others have been used, this has been appropriately acknowledged. Plagiarism in all its forms constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable. Authors should not submit articles describing essentially the same research to more than one journal. The corresponding Author should ensure that there is a full consensus of all Co-authors in approving the final version of the paper and its submission for publication.
Editors: Editors should evaluate manuscripts exclusively on the basis of their academic merit. An Editor must not use unpublished information in the editor's own research without the express written consent of the Author. Editors should take reasonable responsive measures when ethical complaints have been presented concerning a submitted manuscript or published paper.
Reviewers: Any manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should be conducted objectively, and observations should be formulated clearly with supporting arguments, so that Authors can use them for improving the paper. Any selected Reviewer who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the Editor and excuse himself from the review process. Reviewers should not consider manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the papers.
