Biodegradation of lignocellulosicwastes by basidiomycetes fungi: Characterization of waste and study of fungal enzyme complex
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5902/2236117016853Keywords:
Lignocellulosic residues, Basidiomycetes fungi, Biodegradation, Enzymes.Abstract
Wide variety and quantity of organic waste are generated annually by human agribusiness activities. Waste materials are a negative factor in the economic evaluation of agricultural and forestry operations, causing adverse effects on the environment during its disposal. Thus, the need for further research in order to add value to products and by-products of agriculture, mainly by increasing the generation of these. The use of waste of Brazilian agribusiness and provide alternatives substrates for fermentation, also helps in environmental pollution problems. One of the possibilities in the degradation of lignocellulosic materials is the use of specific microorganisms that produce enzymes that hydrolyze cellulose, such as avicelase, carboxymethylcellulase and -glucosidase (cellulases) enzymes that act on the cellulosic portion, xylanases, mannanases, glucanases and galactanases (hemicellulases) that act on the hemicellulose portion and oxidative enzymes such as lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase, defined as phenoloxidases, acting on lignin. Thus, the aim of this review is to demonstrate the biodegradation potential of these agricultural waste by using lignocellulolytic enzymes produced by Basidiomycetes, which in the scientific literature, are seen as degrading natural these matrices.Downloads
References
ALMEIDA, M. M.; PASTORE, G. M. Galactooligossacarídeos: produção e efeitos benéficos. Boletim da Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos.v.35, n.1-2, p. 12-19, Jan- Dez, 2001.
AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION. Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of food. 3. ed., Washington. APHA, 1992.
ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC international. 16. ed., v.2, 1996.
ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS. Official Methods of Analysis. 14 ed. p. 1141, 1984.
BAJPAI, P. Microbial xylanolytic enzyme system: properties and applications. Advances in Applied Microbiology, v.43, p.141-194, 1997.
BALLESTEROS, M. Estado del desarrollo tecnológico del aprovechamiento de biomasa: Biocombustibles para el sector del transporte. Energía. v.161, p.29-34, 2001.
BATAILLON, M.; CARDINALLI, N. A. P.; CASTILLON, N.; DUCHIRON, F. Purification and characterization of a moderately thermostable xylanase form Bacillus sp. Strain SPS-0. Enzyme Microb. Technol. v.26, p.187-192, 2000.
BHAT, M. K. Cellulases and related enzymes in biotechnology: review. Biotechnology Advances, v.18, p.355-383, 2000.
BHAT, M.K. Oligosaccharides as Functional Food Ingredients and their Role in Improving the Nutritional Quality of Human Food and Health. Recent Res. Dev. Agric. Food Chem. 2, 787–8025733579, 1998.
BERNET, M. et al. Adhesion of human bifidobacterial strain to cultured human intestinal epithelial cells and inhibition of enteropathogen-cell interactions. Applied and Enviromenmental Microbiology. v.59, n.12, p.4121-4128, 1993.
BIRSAN, C. et al. Mechanisms of cellulases and xylanases. Biochem. Soc. Trans. v.26 p.156–160, 1998.
BLANCHETTE, R.A. Degradation of lignocellulose complex in wood. Can. J. Bot. 73. s.999- 1010, 1995.
TUOMELA, M. et al. Biodegradation of lignin in a compost environment: a review. Bioresource Technology. v.72 p.169-183, 2000.
BLIGH, EG.; DYER, W.J. A rapid method of total lipid extration and purification. Canada Journal Biochemistry Physiological, v.37, p.911-917, 1959.
BRODA, P. Biotechnology in the degradation and utilization of lignocellulose. Biodegrad. v.3 p.219-38, 1992.
BUJALANCE, C. et al. A probiotic strain of Lactobacillus plantarum stimulates lynphocyte responses in immunologically intact and immunocompromised mice. In. J. of Food Microbiology. v.113, p. 28-34, 2007.
BURLA, G. et al. Effects of different growth conditions on enzyme production by Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged culture. Bioresource in Technology, v. 42, n.2, p. 89-94, 1992.
BUSWELL, J.A.; CHANG, S.T. Biomass and extracellular hydrolytic enzyme production by six mushroom species grown on soybean waste. Biotechnology Letters, v. 16(12). p.1317-1322, 1994.
CAI, J.; HUANG, S.; ZENG, S. Studies on Conversion Corncobs Into Xylo-oligosaccharides by Fungi in Weishengwuxue Tongbao. v.24, p.91-94, 1997.
CALL, H.P.; MUCKE, I. History overview and applications of mediated ligninolytic systems especially laccase-mediator-systems (Lignozym-process). J. Biotechnol., v.53, p.63, 1997.
CAMPBELL, J.M.; FAHEY, G.C. Jr.;WOLF, B.W. Selected Indigestible Oligosaccharides Affect Large Bowel Mass, Cecal and Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids, pH and Microflora in Rats. J. Nutr. v.127, p.130-136, 1997.
CANTARELLA, G.; GALLI, C.; GENTILI, P. Free radical versus electron-transfer routes of oxidation of hydrocarbons by laccase/mediator systems: Catalytic or stoichiometric procedures. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic. v.22, p.135-144, 2003.
CARVALHEIRO, F. et al. Production of oligosaccharides by autohydrolysis of brewery´s spent grain. Bioresource Technology. v.91, p 93-100, 2004.
CARVALHO. G. Nutrição, probióticos e Disbiose. Nutrição, Saúde & Performance. ano 3, n.14, p.36-37, 2001.
CASTANARES, A.; et al. Journal of Biotechnology, v.43, p.183, 1995.
CHANDRAKANT, P.; BISARIA, V.S. Simultaneous bioconversion of glucose and xylose to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence of xylose isomerase. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., v.53, p.301-309, 2000.
CHANG, S.T. Bioconversion technology: Composing and production of microbial and metabolites. In: Workshop Sul-Americano sobre Usos Alternativos de Resíduos de Origem Florestal e Urbana, Curitiba. Anais. Colombo: Embrapa-Florestas. p.71-82, 1997.
CHRISTAKOPOULOS, P. et al. Purification and characterization of two low molecular mass alkaline xylanases from Fusarium oxysporum F2. Journal of Biotechnology. v.51, p.181-189, 1996.
CHRISTOV, L.P.; PRIOR, B.A. Esterases of xylan-degrading microorganisms: production, properties and significance. Enzyme Microb. Technol., v.15, p.460- 475, 1993.
CLYDESDALE, F.M. ‘Aproposal for the Establishment of Scientific Criteria for Health Claims for Functional Foods’ in Nutr. Res., v.55, p.413-423, 1997.
COLLADO, A.C.; MERILUOTO, J.; SALMINEN, S. In vitro analisis of probiotic strain combinations to inhibit pathogen adhesion to human intestinal mucus. Food Research International. v.40, p.629-636, 2007.
COLLINS, J.K.; THORNTON, G.; SULLIVAN, G.O. Selection of probiotic strains for human applications. International Dairy Journal.v.8, p.487-490, 1998.
COLLINS, T. et al. A novel family 8 xylanase, functional and physicochemical characterization. Journal of Biological Chemistry. v.277, p. 3513-3519, 2002.
COTTA, M.A.;ZELTWANGER, R.L. Degradation and utilization of xylan by the ruminal bacteria Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Selenomonas ruminantium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. v.61,n.12, p.4396-4402, 1995.
COWLING, E.B.; KIRK, T.K. Properties of cellulose and lignocellulose materials and substrats for enzimatic conversion processes. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium. v.6, p. 95-123, 1976.
CRITTENDEN, R.G.; PLAYNE, M.J. Production, properties and aplications of food-grade oligossaccharides. Trends in Food Science & Technology. v.7, n.11, p.353-361, 1996.
CRITTENDEN, R.G.; TANNOCK, G.W. Probiotics: A critical review. Horizon Scientific. Wynondhan. UK, p. 141-156, 1999.
CORETTI, K. Embutidos: Elaboración y Defectos. Zaragoza (Espanha): Acríbia, 1986.
CUMMINGS, J. K.; MACFARLANE, G.; SULLIVAN, G.O. Prebiotic digestion and fermentation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. v.73(Suppl.), 415S-420S, 2001.
DAVIDSON, M. et al. Effects of dietary inulin in serum lipids in men and women with hypercholesterolemia. Nutrition Research, v.3 p. 503-517, 1998.
DAVIDSON, P. M.; JUNEJA, V. K. Antimicrobial Agents. In: BRANEN, A. L.; DAVIDSON, P. M.; SALMINEN, S. Food Additives. New York: Marcel Dekker, Cap. 4, p. 83-137, 1989.
DAWSON, L.; BOOPATHY, R. Use of post-harvest sugarcane residue for ethanol production. Bioresource Technology. v.98, p.1695-1699, 2007.
DEKKER, R. F. H; RICHARDS, G. N. Hemicellulases: their occurrence, purification, properties, and mode of action. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., v. 32, p. 277 352, 1976.
DEN HAAN, R.; VAN ZYL, W.H. Enhanced xylan degradation and utilization by Pichia stipitis overproducing fungal xylanolytic enzymes. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. v.33, p. 620-628, 2003.
DE VRIES, R.P. et al. Synergy between enzymes from Aspergillus involved in the degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides. Carbohydrate Research. v. 327, p.401-410, 2000.
DOHNALEK, M.I.H.; OSTROM, K.M.; HILTY, M.D. Use of Indigestible Oligosaccharides to Prevent Gastrointestinal Infections and Reduce Duration of Diarrhea in Humans, USA Patent US 5827526, 1998.
DUNCAN, S.M., SCHILLING, J.S. Carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzyme ratios during fungal degradation of woody and non-woody lignocellulose substrates. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. v.47, p.363-371, 2010.
EBRINGEROVÁ, A.; HEINZE, T. Xylan and Xylan Derivatives - Biopolymers with Valuable Properties,. Naturally Occurring Xylans Structures, Isolation Procedures and Properties’ in Macromol. Rapid Commun. v.21, p.542-556, 2000.
El-NASSER, N.H.A.; HELMY, S.M.; El-GAMMAL, A.A. Formation of enzymes by biodegradation of agricultural wastes with white rot fungi. Polymer Degradation and Stability. v.55, p.249-255, 1997.
FAO-WHO. Food and Health Agricultural Organizationof the United Nations and World Health Organization. Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. Working Group Rep. Food and Health Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization, Washington, DC. 2002.
FERREIRA, C. L.L.; TESHIMA, E. Prebióticos , estratégia dietética para a manutenção da microbiota colônica desejável. Revista Biotecnologia Ciência & Desenvolvimento. Ano III, n. 16, p.22-25, Set-Out., 2000.
FOOKS, L.J.; FULLER, R.; GIBSON, G.R. Prebiotics and human gut microbiology. International Dairy Journal. v.9, p.53-61, 1999.
FOOKS, L.J.; GIBSON, G.R. In vitro investigations of the effect of probiotics and prebiotics on selected human intestinal pathogens. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. v.39, p.67-75, 2002.
FU, L., McCALLUM, S.A., MIAO, J., HART, C., TUDRYN, G.J., ZHANG, F., LINHARDT, R.J. Rapid and accurate determination of the lignin content of lignocellulosic biomass by solid-state NMR. Fuel. V.141, p.39-45, 2015.
FUJIKAWA, S. Effect of Xylooligosaccharide on Growth of Intestinal Bacteria and Putrefaction Products. J. Jpn. Soc. Nutr. Food Sci., v.44, p.37-40, 1991.
FUKUSHIMA, S. R.; HATFIELD, R. D. Espectros de duas formas de lignina obtidos por ressonância magnética nuclear. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira. v.38, n.4, p.505-511, 2003.
FULLER, R. Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of applied Bacteriology. v.66, p.365-378, 1989. Apud: International dairy journal. v.1, p.1-17, 2001.
FURLAN, S.A. et al.. Mushroom strains able to grow at high temperatures and low pH values. World Journal of Microbial Biotechnology. v.13, n.6, p.689-692,1997.
GALANTE, Y. M.; DE CONTI, A.; MONTEVERDI, R. Application of Trichoderma enzymes in food and feed industries In: Harman, G. F.; Kubicek, CP (Ed), Trichoderma & Gliocladium – Enzymes, biological control and commercial applications. Taylor & Francis, London, p.311-342, 1998.
GALLAHER, D.D.; KHIL, J. The effect of synbiotics on colon carcinogenesis in rats. Journal of nutrition, 129(Suppl.), 1483S-1487S, 1999.
GARRO, A.S.; VALDEZ, G.F.; GIORI, G.S. Temperature effect on the biological activity of Bifidobacterium longum CRL 849 and Lactobacillus fermentum CRL 251 in pure and mixed cultures grown in soymilk. Food Microbiology. v. 21, p.511-518, 2004.
GARROTE, G.; DOMÍNGUEZ, H.; PARAJÓ , J.C.‘Mild Autohydrolysis: An Enviromentally Friendly Technology for Xylooligosaccharide Production from Wood’ in J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. v.74, p.1101–1109, 1999.
GARZILLO, A. M. V. et al. Hydrolytic properties of extracellular cellulases from Pleurotus ostreatus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. v. 42, p.476-481,1994.
GIBSON, R.G. Prebiotics. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. v.18, p.287-298, 2004.
GIMENEZ, P.M.A. Efeito do teor de lactose e do tipo de cultura na acidificação e pós-acidificação de iogurtes. Campinas. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Alimentos) Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. p.86, 2002.
GLAZER, A. N.; NIKAIDO, H. Microbial Biotechnology: fundamentals of applied microbiology, New York, Ed. W.H. Freeman and Company, cap.10, p.335-357, 1995.
GRAHAM, H.et al. Effect of enzyme supplementation on digestion of a barley/pollard based pig feed. Nutrition Report International, v.38, p.1073-1079, 1998.
GUGLIOTTA, A.M.; CAPELARI, M. Taxonomia de basidiomicetos. In: Bononi, V.L.R. (Org.). Zigomicetos, Basidiomicetos e Deuteromicetos: noções básicas de taxonomia e aplicações biotecnológicas, Institutuo de Botânica, São Paulo, p.184, 1998.
GUTIERREZ, A.N.; DEBARR, D.A.; MADDOX, S.I. Production of diacetyl from whey permeate using Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering. v.81 , n.2, p.183-184, 1996.
HALTRICH, D. et al. Production of fungal xylanases. Bioresources in Technology. v. 58, p.137-161, 1996.
HARTEMINK, R.; VANLAERE, K.M.J.; ROMBOUTS, F.M. Growth of enterobacteria on fructo-oligosaccharides. Journal of Applied Microbiology, Wageningnen, v.383, p.367-374, 1997.
HASMANN, F. A. et al. Optimization of beta-xylosidase recovery by reversed micelles using response surface methodology. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, Valparaiso-Chile, v.6, n.2, p.153-160, 2003.
HESPELL, R.B., & COTTA, M.Degradation and utilization by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens H17c of xylan with different chemical and physical properties. Applied and Environmental Microbiology., v.61,n.8, p. 3042-3050, 1995.
HOFRICHTER M. Review: lignin conversion by manganese peroxidase (MnP). Enzyme and Microbial Technology. v.30, p.454-466, 2002.
HOLT, J.G. et al. Bergey Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Ninth edition, Willian & Wilkins, Baltimore, U.S.A, 1994.
HOLZAPFEL, W.H.; SCHILLINGER, U. Introduction to pre- and probiotics. Food Research International. v.35, p.109-116, 2002.
HUGHES, J.B.; HOOVER, D.G. Bifidobacteria: their potencial for use in American dairy products. Food Technology, v.45, n. 4, p. 74-83, 1991.
HURST, A.; HOOVER, D. G. Nisin. In: DAVIDSON, P. M.; BRANEN, A. L. Antimicrobials in Foods. 2. ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Cap. 10, p. 369-394, 1993.
HIDAKA, H. et al. Effects of frutooligosaccharids on intestinal flora and human health. Bifidobacterium Microlfora, Toio, v.5, p.37-50, 1986.
HIROYUKI, H.;MASAYASU, T.; TOSHIRO, S. Agent for Improving Glucose Tolerance Disorder, Japanese Patent JP7324036, 1995.
HYUN, C.; SHIN, H. Utilization of bovine plasma obtained from a slaughterhouse for economic production of probiotics. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering. v.86, n.1, p.34-37, 1998.
IEMBO, T.; SILVA, R.; PAGNOCCA, F.C.; GOMES, E. Production, characterization, and properties of -glucosidase and -xylosidase from a strain of Aureobasidium sp. Appl. Biochemistry and Microbiol. v.38 n.6, p.549-552, 2002.
IEMBO, T. et al. Purification and partial characterization of a new β-xylosidase from Humicola grisea var. Thermoidea. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology. v.20, n.9, p.949 -957, 2005.
IMAIZUMI, K. et al. Effects of Xylooligosaccharides on Blood Scan. LFRA Limited, UK. Nakada, T. (1999). Bifidobacterium Bifidum Proliferation Promoting Composition Containing Xylooligosaccharide. USA Patent US 5939309, 1991.
INGRAM, L.O. et al. Enteric bacterial catalysts for fuel ethanol production. Biotechnology in Progress. v.15, p.855–866, 1999.
JASKARI, J. et al. Oat b-glucan and Xylan Hydrolysates as Selective Substrates for Bi.dobacterium and Lactobacillus Strains. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. v.49, p.175–181, 1998.
JEONG, K.J. et al. ‘High-level Expression of an Endoxylanase Gene from Bacillus Sp. in Bacillus Subtilis DB104 for the Production of Xylobiose from Xylan’. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. v.50, p.113–118, 1998.
JONG, S.C.; DONOVICK, R. Antitumoral and antiviral substances from fungi. Advances in Applied Microbiology. v. 34, p.183-262, 1989.
JOO, G. J. et al. Effect of Dietary Xylooligosaccharide on Indigestion and Retarding Effect of Bile Acid Movement Across a Dialysis Membrane. Han’guk Sikp’um Yongyang Kwahak Hoechi. v.27, p.705-711, 1998.
JUNG, H. G.; VOGEL, K. P. Influence of lignin on digestibility of forage cell wall material. Journal of Animal Science, Champaig, v.62, p.1703-1712, 1986.
KALL, E.E.J.; FIELD, J.A.; JOYCE, T.W. Increasing ligninolytic enzyme activities in several white-rot basidiomycetes by nitrogen-sufficient media. Bioresources in Technology. v.53, n.2, p.133-139, 1995.
KANEKO, S.; SHIMASAKI, T.; KUSAKABLE, I. Purification and some properties of intracellular α-L-arabinofuranosidase from Aspergillus niger 5-16. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., v.57, p.1161-1165, 1993.
KAO, Y.; LIU, Y.; SHYU, Y. Identification of Lactobacillus spp. In probiotic products by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis. Food Research International. v.40, p.71-79, 2007.
KAZUYOSHI, T. et al. Production of Monosaccharide, Oligosaccharide and Solubilized Polysaccharide. Japanese Patent JP 10117800, 1998.
KAZUMITSU, S. et al. ‘Production of food and drink’, Japanese Patent JP 9248153, 1997.
KIRK, T.K. & FARREL, R.L. Enzymatic “combustion”: The microbial degradation of lignin. Annual Review of Microbiology. v.41, p.465-505, 1987.
KOHARI, E.K.; AMAZONAS, M.AL.A.; CARVALHO, F.J.P.C Potencial de crescimento micelial do fungo Pleurotus sajor-caju em serragem e casca de Pinnus spp e resíduo de infusão de erva-mate. In: Workshop Sulamericano Sobre Usos Alternativos de Resíduos de Origem Florestal e Urbana. Curitiba. Anais. Colombo: Embrapa-Florestas, p. 150-155, 1997.
KORNER, H.U.; GOTTSCHALK, D.; WIEGEL J., PULS, J. The degradation pattern of oligomers and polymers from lignocellulose. Anal. Chim. Acta v.163, p.55-66, 1984.
KUHAD, R.C.; SINGH, A.; ERIKSSON, K. –E.L. Microorganism and enzyme involved in the degradation of plant Fiber cell walls. In: ERIKSSON, K.-E.L., ed. Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry. Advance. Bioch. Eg. Biotech., v.57, p.45-125, 1997.
KUMARAN, S.; SASTRY, C.A.; VIKINESWARY, S.; Laccase, cellulose and xylanase activities during growth of Pleurotussajor-caju on sago “hampas”. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. v.13, p.43-49, 1997.
LAPPALAINEN, A. (1986). Purification and characterization of xylanolytic enzymes from Trichoderma reesei. Biotechnology Applied in Biochemistry. v.8, p.437-448, 1986.
LARSSON, S. et al.The generation of fermentation inhibitors during dilute acid hydrolysis of softwood. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. v. 24, p.151-159, 1999.
LEE, H. et al. Utilization of xylan by yeasts and its conversion to ethanol by Pichia stipitis strains. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. v.82, p.324-326, 1986.
LEONOWICZ, A. et al. Fungal laccase: Properties and activity on lignin, J. Basic Microbiol. v.41, p.185-227, 2001.
LIZARDI, V.G. et al. Cambio en la flora intestinal de ratones por la administración de bifidobactérias y jugos de girasol/Intestinal microflora changes in mice by bifidobacteria and sunflower juice. Vet. México. v.27, n.2, p.127-131, 1996.
LYND, L.R. et al. Microbial Cellulose Utilization: Fundamentals and Biotechnology. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Review. p.506-577, 2002.
LOO, J.V. et al. ‘Functional Food Properties of Non-digestible Oligosaccharides: a Consensus Report from the ENDO Project (DGXII-AIRIICT94- 1095)’ in Brit. J. Nutr. v.81, p.121-132, 1999.
LOURENS-HATTINGH. A.; VILJOEN, B.C. Yogurt as probiotic carrier food. International Dairy Journal. v.11, p.1-17, 2001.
MACFARLANE, G.T.; GIBSON, G.R. Carbohydrate fermentation, energy transduction and gas metabolism in the human large intestine. In: Gastrointestinal Ecosystems and Fermentation (MACKIE, R.I; WHITE, B.A., Eds). Chapman and Hall, London. p.269-318, 1997.
MATTILA-SANDHOLM, T. et al. Tecnological challenges for future probiotic foods. International Dary Journal, v.12, p.173-182, 2002.
MARTEAU, P.; FLORIÉ, B. Tolerance to low-digestible carboydrates: symptomatology and methods. British Journal of Nutrition. v.85 (Suppl. 1), p.817-821.
MARTÍNEZ, A.T. Molecular biology and structure-function of lignin-degrading heme peroxidases. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. v.30. p.425-444, 2002.
MARTINS, J. F. P.; TERRA, N. N. Curso Sobre Biotecnologia do Processamento de Salames e outros Embutidos Curados. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (RS), 1985.
MASAYASU, T. et al. Inhibitor of Vasodepressor and Vasopressor. Japanese Patent JP 5194241, 1993.
MENEZES, C.R. Estudo da atividade prebiótica de hidrolisados lignocelulósicos. Campinas. tese (Doutorado em Ciência de Alimentos) Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. p.202, 2007.
MILAGRES, A.M.F.; MAGALHAES, P.O.; FERRAZ, A. Purification and properties of a xylanase from Ceriporiopsis subvermispora cultivated on Pinus taeda. FEMS Microbiology Letters. v.253, p.267–272, 2005.
MILLER, G.L. Use of the dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for fetermination of reducing sugar. Analytical Chemistry. v.31, p.426-428, 1959.
MODLER, H.W. Bifidogenic Factors-Sources, Metabolism and Applications. in Int. Dairy J. v.4, p.383-407, 1994.
MONTERO, P.; JIMENEZ-COLMENERO, F.; BORDEIRAS, J. Effect of pH and the presence of NaCl on some hidration properties of collagenous material from trout (Salmo irideus Gibb) muscle and skin. J.Sci. Food Agric., v.54, p.137-46, 1991.
MORALES, P. et al. Purification and characterization of a xylanase and an arabinofuranosidase from Bacillus polymyxa. Enzyme Microb. Technol., v.17, p.424-429, 1995.
NAKANO, H. Recente japanese development in the enzymatic production and application of oligossaccharides; apresentado no Seminar on enzyme and bacterial technology. Japan International Cooperation Agency. [s.d.], Campinal.1998.
NITSCHKE, M.; UMBELINO, D. C. Bol. SBCTA. Campinas. v.36, n.1, p.27-34, Jan-Jun, 2002.
OKAZAKI, M. et al. Effect of Xylooligosaccharide on Growth of Intestinal Bacteria and Putrefaction Products. J. Jpn. Soc. Nutr. Food Sci. v.44, p.41-44, 1991.
OKAZAKI, M.;FUJIKAWA, S.; MATSUMOTO, N. Effect of Xylooligosaccharide on the Growth of Bifidobacteria. Bifidobacteria Microflora. v.9, p.77-86, 1990.
OIKI, K.; SONOMOTO, K.; ISHIZAKI, A. Growth-stimulating effects of natural rubber serum on Bifidobacterium bifidum. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering.v.82, n.2, p.165-167, 1996.
ONISHI, N.; KIRA, I.; YOKOZEKI, K. Galactooligossacaride production from lactose by Sirobasidium magnum CBS6803. Letters in Applied Microbiology. v.23, p.253-256, 1996.
OUWEHAND, A.; SALMINEN J. The health effects of culture milk products with viable and non viable bactéria. International Dairy Journal. v.8 , p.749-758, 1998.
OVEREND, R.P.; CHORNET, E. Fractionation of lignocellulosics by steam aqueous pretreatments. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., v.321, p.523-536, 1987.
PALMIERI, G. et al. Copper induction of laccase isoenzymes in the ligninolytic Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus Appl and Environmental Microbiology. p. 920-924, 2000.
PANDEY, A. et al. Biotechnological potential of agro-industrial residues. II: cassava bagasse. Bioresouce Technology. Amsterdam, v.74, p.81-87, 2000.
PARAJÓ, J.C. et al. Production of xylooligosaccharides by autohidrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. Trends in Food Science & Technology. v.15, p.115-120, 2004.
PARAJÓ, J. C.; DOMÍNGUEZ, H.; DOMÍNGUEZ, J. M. Biotechnological production of xylitol. Part 1: interest of xilitol and fundamentals of its biosynthesis. Bioresc. Technol., v. 65, p. 191-201, 1998.
PARHAM, N.J.; GIBSON, G.R. Microbes involved in dissimilatory nitrate reduction in the human large intestine. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. v.31, p.21-28, 2000.
PARKER, R.B. (1974). Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotic story. Animal nutrition and health. v. 6. n.1, p.43-64, 1996. Apud International Dairy Journal. v.9. p.32-61, 1999.
PASCHOLATI, S.F. Fitopatógenos: arsenal enzimático. In: BERGAMIN FILHO, A.; KIMATI, H.; AMORIM, L. (Eds). Manual de Fitopatologia – Princípios e Conceitos. São Paulo: Ed. Agronômica Ceres, v.1, p. 343-64, 1995.
PASSOS, L.M.L.; PARK, Y.K. Frutooligossacarídeos: implicações na saúde humana e utilização em alimentos. Revista Ciência Rural. Santa Maria, v.33, n.2, p.385-390, 2003.
PELLERIN, P., GOSSELIN, M., LEPOUTRE, J.P., SAMAIN, E. DEBEIRE ,P.. ‘Enzymatic Production of Oligosaccharides from Corncob Xylan’ in Enzyme and Microb. Technol. 13, 617–621 392 M.J. Vaszquez et al. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 11 (2000) 387–393, (1991).
PELLERIN, P. et al. Enzymatic production of oligosaccharides from corncob xylan. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. v.13, p.617-621, 1991.
PEREIRA JR, N. Biotecnologia de Hemicelulose. In: Enzitec 1999 – IV Seminário Brasileiro de Tecnologia Enzimática. 1999, Rio de Janeiro. Anais do Enzitec 99 - IV Seminário Brasileiro de Tecnologia Enzimática, v.1, p.1-5, 1999.
PINPHANICHAKARN, P. et al. Purification and characterization of b-xylosidase from Streptomyces sp. CH7 and its gene sequence analysis. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology. v. 20, p.727–733, 2004.
POINTING, S.B. Feasibility of bioremediation by white-rot fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. v.29, p.575-979, 2001.
POUTANEN, K. et al. Evaluation of different microbiol xylanolytic systems. J. Biotechnol., v. 6, p.49-60, 1987.
PRADE, R.A. Xylanases: From biology to biotechnology. Biotechnol. Gen. Eng. Rev., v.13, p. 101-131, 1995.
PULS, J., SCHUSEIL, J. ‘Chemistry of Hemicelluloses: Relationship Between Hemicellulose Structure and Enzymes Required for Hydrolysis’ in Hemicellulose and Hemicellulases, (Coughlan, M.P. and Hazlewood, G.P., eds), pp. 1–27, Porland Press, London, UK, 1993.
PULS, J. et al. Xylobiose and xylooligomers. Methods in Enzimology.v. 160, p.528-536, 1998.
PUUPPONEN-PIMIÄ, R. et al. Development of functional ingredients for gut health. Trends Food Sci. Technol., Amsterdam, v.13, p.3-11, 2002.
QINNGHE, C. et al. Screening of culture condition and properties of xylanase by white-rot funfus Pleurotus ostreatus. Process Biochemistry. 2003.
RASTALL, A.R. et al. Modulation of the microbial ecology of the human colon by probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics to enhance human health: An overview of enabling science and potential applications. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. v.52, p.145-152, 2005.
RAVEN, P. H.; EVERT, R. F.; ELCHHORN, S. E. Biologia Vegetal. Editora Koogan, ed. 6, p.928, 2001.
REDDY, G.V. et al. Utilization of banana waste for the production of lignolytic and cellulolytic enzymes by solid substrate fermentation using two Pleurotus species (P.ostreatus and P. sajor-caju). Process of Biochemistry. v.38, p.1457-1462, 2003.
RINGLING, D.; VAN ALFEN, N.K. Extra and intracelular laccases of the Chestnut Blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. v.59, p.3634-3639, 1993.
RIZZATTI, A.C.S. Estudo das atividades xilanásica e -xilosidásica produzida pelo fungo termotolerante Aspergillus phoenicis. Dissertação (Mestrado em Bioquímica) – FMRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, p. 108, 2000.
ROBERFROID, M.B. Health benefits of non-digestible oligossaccharides. In Adv Exp. Med. Biol. v.427, p.211-219, 1997.
ROBERFROID, M. Dietary fiber, inulin, and oligosaccharides: a review comparin their physiological effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, Cambridge, Inglaterra, v.33, n.2, p.103-108, 1993.
ROBSON, L.; CHAMBLISS, G. Cellulases of bacterial origin. Enzyme Microb. Techn., v.11, p.626, 1989.
RODRIGUES, M.I.; IEMMA, A.F. Plajejamento de experimentos e otimização de processos: uma estratégia seqüencial de planejamentos. Campinas, SP: Casa do Pão Editora, 1a ed. 2005.
ROTHSCHILD, N. et al. 2002. Ligninolytic enzymes of the fungus Irpex lacteus (Polyporus tulipiferae): isolation and characterization of lignin peroxidase. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. v.31, p.627-633, 2002.
RUST, R. E. Productos Embutidos. In: PRICE, J. F., SCHWEIGERT, B. S. Ciencia de La Carne y de Productos Carnicos. 2. ed. Zaragoza (Espanha): Acríbia, 1994.
SAAD, S.M.I. Probióticos e prebióticos: o estado da arte. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences v. 42, n.1, Jan.-Mar., 2006.
SACHSLEHNER, A. et al. Induction of mannanase, xylanase, and endoglucanase activities in Aclerotium rolfsii appl and Environmental Microbiology. p.594-600, 1997.
SAITO, I.M. Produção de hidrolisados e fibras a partir de resíduo da industrialização da mandioca submetido a pré-tratamento hidrotérmico. Tese de doutorado. Unesp, 2005.
SAKO, T.; MATSUMOTO, K.; TANAKA, R. Recent progress on resarch and applications of non-digestible galacto-oligossaccharides. International Dairy Journal. v.9, p.69-80, 1999.
SANDERS, M.E. Overview of functional foods: emphasis on probiotic bacteria. Int. Dairy J., Amsterdam, v.8, p.341-347, 1998.
SANDERS, M.E.; KLAENHAMMER, T.R. Invited review: the scientific basis of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM functionality as a probiotic. J. Dairy Sci., Savoy, v.84, p.319-331, 2001.
SCALABRINI, P. et al. Characterization of Bifidobacterium strains for use in soymilk fermentation. International Journal of Food Microbiology. v.39, p.213-219, 1998.
SCHEPPACH, W.; LUEHRS, H.; MENZEL, T. Beneficial health effects of low-digestible carboydrate consuption. British Journal of Nutrition. v.85 (Suppl. 1), p.823-930, 2001.
SCHOEMAKER, H. E. et al. On the mechanism of enzymatic lignin breakdown. FEBS Letters. v.183, p.7-12, 1985.
SCHUCHARDT, U.; RIBEIRO, M.L. A Indústria Petroquímica no Próximo Século: Como Substituir o Petróleo como Matéria-prima? Química Nova, v.24, p. 247-251, 2001.
SERMANNI, G.G. et al. The production of exo-enzymes by Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus and their use for upgrading corn straw. Bioresource Technology. v.48, n.2, p.173-178, 1994.
SETHURAMAN, A.; AKIN, D.E.; ERIKSSON, K.E.L. (1998). Plantcell-wall-degrading enzymes produced by the white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry.v. 27, p.37-47, 1998.
SHAN, V.; NERUD, F. Lignin degrading system of white-rot fungi and its exploitation for dye decolorization. Can. J. Microbiol. v.48, p. 857-870, 2002.
SHAO, W.; WIEGEL, J. Purification and characterization of two thermostable β- xylosidase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus. J. Bacteriol., v.174, p.5848-5853, 1995.
SHISHIDO, K. The application of molecular genetics to oriental mushrooms. In: KINGHORN, J.R.; TURNER, G. (Eds) Applied molecular genetics of filamentous fungi. London: Blackie Academic and Professional, Chap.9, p.201-213, 1992.
SINGHA, S.; PILLAYB, B.; PRIOR, B.A. Thermal stability of β-xylanases produced by different Thermomyces lanuginosus strains. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. v.26, p.502-508, 2000.
SILVA, E.R. Biodegradação fúngica de resíduos agroindustriais para a produção de biomassa microbiana, enzimas ligninocelulolíticas e redução de fitatos. UNICAMP. Campinas, SP:[s.n], 2001.
SINGH, S. et al. Isozyme Polymorphism of cellulases in Aspergillus terreus. J. Basic Microbiol. v.36, p.289-296, 1996.
SIQUEIRA, R. S. Manual de Microbiologia de alimentos. Rio de Janeiro: EMBRAPA – CTAA, 1995.
SOUZA-CRUZ, P.B. et al. Extraction and determination of enzymes produced by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora during biopulping of Pinus taeda wood chips. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. v.34, p.228–234, 2004.
SPIEGEL, J.E. et al. Safety and benefits of frutooligosaccharides as food ingredients. Food Techn, Boston, v.48, p.85-89, 1994.
STAMFORD, T.L.M. Alimentos Probióticos – Uma Revisão. Higiene Alimentar. v.14, n.68-69, Jan.-Fev., 2000.
STEYN, D.G. H. In: BIRCH, G.G., GREEN, L.F. (ed.) Molecular structure on function of food carbohydrate. New York, Toronto: John Wiley & Sons, p.35. 207, 1973.
SUBRAMANIYAN, S.; PREMA, P. Cellulase-free xylanases from Bacillus and other microorganisms. FEMS Microbiology Letters. v. 183, p.1-7, 2000.
SUN, R.C.; TOMKINSON, J.; & LIANG, S.F. Comparative study of hemicelluloses from rice straw by alkali and hydrogen peroxide treatments. Carbohydrate Polymers. v.42, p.111-122, 2000.
SUNNA, A.; ANTRANIKIAN, G. Xilanolytic enzymes from fungi and bacteria. Crit. Rev. Biotech., v.17(1), p.39-67, 1997.
SUWA, Y. et al. ‘Bifidobacterium Bifidum Proliferation Promoting Composition Containing Xylooligosaccharide’, USA Patent US 5939309,1999.
TAEKO, I. et al. Food and Drink Effective in Anti-obesity. Japanese Patent JP 10290681, 1998.
TAKAO, Y.; YOSHIO, I. ‘Production of Gruel-like Extract Containing Xylooligosaccharide and Food Containing the Extract and Production of Xylooligosaccharide’, Japanese Patent JP 8103287, 1996.
TAMINE, A.; MARSHALL, V.; ROBINSON, R. Microbiological and technological aspects of milks fermented by bifidobacteria. Journal of Dairy Research. v.62, p.151-187, 1995.
TECHAPUN, C. et al. Optimization of thermostable and alkaline-tolerant cellulose-free xylanase production from agricultural waste by tehrmotolerant Streptomyces sp Ab106, using the central composite experimental design. Biochemical Engineering Journal. v.12, p.99-105, 2002.
TENKANEN, M. et al. Synergism of xylanolytic enzymes of Trichoderma reesei in the degradation of acetyl-4-O-methylglucuronoxylan. In: E. Srebotnik & K. Messner, Biotechnology in the pulp and paper industry, Vienna: Facultas-Universitatsverlog, 1996.
THOMAS, G.M. et al. Evaluation of lignocellulosic biomass from coconut palm as substrate for cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, London, v.14, n.6, p.879-882, Nov., 1998.
TIEN, M.; KIRK, T.K. Lignin-degrading enzyme from Phanerochaete chrysosporium: purification, characterization, and catalytic properties of a unique H2O2-requiring oxygenase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. v.81, p. 2280-2284, 1984.
TOMME, P. et al. Cellulose-binding domains: classification and properties. ACS Symposium Series. v.618. p.143-163, 1995.
TOSHIO, I. et al. Production of Xylobiose. Japanese Patent JP 2119790, 1990.
TUOMELA, M. et al. Biodegradation of lignin in a compost environment: a review. Bioresource Technology. v.72, p.169-183, 2000.
VALASKOLÁ, V.; BALDRIAN, P. Estimulation of bound and free fractions of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes of wood-rotting fungi Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes versicolor and Piptoporus betulinus.Research in Microbiology. (2005).
VAN SOEST, P.J. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, p.476, 1994.
VÁZQUEZ, M.J. et al. Xylooligosaccharides: manufacture and applications. Trends in Food Science & Technology. v.11 p.387-393, 2000.
VELAZQUEZ, M.; FEITARG, J. M. Isolation and partial physiological characterization of commercial strains of bifidobacteria. Journal of Food Protection. v.60, n.5, p.537-543, 1997.
VERELLEN, J.L.T. et al. Fermentation optimization of planaricin 423, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum 423. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. v.86, n.2, p.174-179, 1998.
VICENTE, N.E.V. Biodegradação de bagaço de cana de açúcar por linhagens/espécie de Pleurotus spp e avaliação nutricional para ruminantes. Tese de Doutorado. Unicamp. Campinas, SP: [s.n.], 2002.
VIIKARI, L. et al. Xylanases in bleaching: From an idea to the industry. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., v.13, p.335-350, 1994.
VIKINESWARY, S. et al. Productivity of laccase in solid substrate fermentation of selected agro-residues by Pycnoporus sanguineus. Bioresource Technology. v.97, p.171-177, 2005.
VRIES de, R.P.; VISSER, J. Aspergillus Enzymes Involved in Degradation of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. v.65, n.4, p.497-522, 2001.
WANG, S. H.; ASCHERI, J.L.R. Iogurte de soja: fermentação láctica e avaliação sensorial. Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos. v.11, n.2, p. 221-238, 1991.
WITHERS, S. G. Mechanisms of glycosyl transferases and hydrolyses.Carbohydr. Polym. v.44, p.325–337, 2001.
WOLF, B.W. et al. Oral Rehydration Solution Containing Indigestible Oligosaccharides. USA Patent US 5733579, 1998.
WONG, K.K.Y.; SADDLER, J.N. Trichoderma xylanases, their properties and application. Critical Review in Biotechnology. v.12, p.413-435, 1992.
WONG, K.K.Y.; TAN, L.U.L.; SADDLER, J.N. Multiplicity of β-1,4-xylanase in Microorganisms: functions and applications. Microbiol. Rev., v.52, p.305-317, 1988.
WONG, K.K.Y.; SADDLER, J.N. Applications of hemicellulases in the food, feed, and pulp and paper industries. In: Coughlan, M.P. & Hazlewood, G.P. (Eds). Hemicelluloses and Hemicellulases. Portland Press, London, p. 127-143, 1993.
WOOD, T.M.; GARCIA-CAMPAYO, V. Enzymes and mechanisms involved in microbial cellulolysis In: Ratledge, C. (Ed.). Biochemistry of Microbial Degradation. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Netherlands. p.590, 1994.
YADAV, H.; JAIN, S.; SINHA, P.R. Antidiabetic effect of probiotic dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophillus and Lactobacillus casei in high fructose fed rats. Nutrition. v.23, p.62-68, 2007.
YAMASHITA, K.; KAWAI, K.; ITAKAMURA, M. Effects of frutooligosaccharids on blood-glucose and serum lipids in diabetic subjects. Nutrition Research, Fukuoka, v.4, p.961-966, 1984.
YUN, J.W. Fructooligosaccharides - Occurrence, preparation and applications. Enzymes and Microbial Technology, Kyungbug, v.19, p.107-117, 1996.
ZIEGLER, I. M. et al. Mechanism of the adsorption process of pinosylvin and some polyhydroxybenzenes onto the structure of lignin. Vibrational Spectroscopy. v.36, p.65-72, 2004.
ZIEMER, C.J.; GIBSON, G.R. ‘An Overview of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics In the Functional Food Concept: Perspectives and Future Strategies’ in Int. Dairy J. v.8, p.473-479, 1998.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
DECLARATION
