A pesca como um problema de segurança: limites e possibilidades para a cooperação internacional no Oceano Austral
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5902/2357797534062Parole chiave:
segurança, Oceano Austral, cooperação internacional, regimes internacionais, pesca.Abstract
Com os estoques pesqueiros ao redor do mundo à beira do colapso, com consequências ambientais, econômicas e sociais imensuráveis, as possibilidades de proliferação da pesca INN (ilegal, não declarada ou não regulamentada) passaram a ser acompanhadas com grande atenção pela comunidade internacional. Neste contexto, desencadearam-se processos de securitização do problema. O Oceano Austral é particularmente vulnerável à pesca INN, podendo ser palco de novas dinâmicas de segurança. Neste contexto, apresenta-se o seguinte problema de pesquisa: “de que maneira ocorrem as dinâmicas de securitização do controle da pesca no Oceano Austral e qual o papel da cooperação internacional neste processo”? Além da resposta ao problema de pesquisa, que é o objetivo geral, o artigo possui como objetivos específicos investigar a securitização da pesca no cenário internacional, estudar as dinâmicas de segurança existentes no Oceano Austral, discutir os papeis da cooperação e dos regimes internacionais neste processo. A pesquisa é de natureza exploratória. Como técnica de pesquisa escolheu-se a revisão bibliográfica, servindo-se de material interdisciplinar e análise documental.
Downloads
Riferimenti bibliografici
ABDEL-MOTAAL, Doaa. Antarctica: The Battle for the Seventh Continent. s/d.
AGNEW, David J. Estimating the Worldwide Extent of Ilegal Fishing. Atlanta: PLOSONE, 2009.
ANTARTIC AND SOUTHERN OCEAN COALITION. Krill Conservation. s/d. Disponível em: https://www.asoc.org/advocacy/krill-conservation. Acesso em: 15 de fevereiro de 2018.
AUSTRALIA. Department of Home Affairs – Australian Border Force Cutter Ocean Shield. s/d. Disponível em: https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/australian-border-force-abf/protecting/maritime/cutter-abfc-ocean-shield#Southern%20Ocean%20operations. Acesso em: 31 de julho de 2018.
BATEMAN, Sam. “Strategic Competition and Emerging Security Risks: Will Antarctica Remain Demilitarised”? In: ROTHWELL, Donald R.; SCOTT, Karen N.; HEMMINGS, Alan D. “The Search for Antarctic Security”. In: ROTHWELL, Donald R.; SCOTT, Karen N.; HEMMINGS, Alan D (Org.). Antarctic Security in the Twenty-First Century: Legal and Policy Perspectives. Londres: Routledge, 2012. pp. 116-134.
BECKMAN, Robert. “The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Maritime Disputes in the South China Sea”. In: The American Journal of International Law, v. 107, 2003, pp. 142-163.
BUEGER, Christian; EDMUNDS, Timothy. “Beyond Seablindness: A New Agenda for Maritime Security Studies”. In: International Affairs, v. 93, n. 6, 2017, pp. 1293-1311.
BUSH, Steve. British Warship and Auxiliaries. London: Maritime Books, 2014.
BUZAN, Barry; WAEVER, Ole; WILDE, Jaap de. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. London: Lynne Rienner, 1998.
CCAMLR. Ilegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. s/d. Disponível em: https://www.ccamlr.org/en/compliance/illegal-unreported-and-unregulated-iuu-fishing. Acesso em: 31 de março de 2018.
__________. Krill Fishery Report 2017. 2017. Disponível em: https://www.ccamlr.org/en/system/files/00%20KRI48%202017.pdf. Acesso em: 31 de março de 2018.
CNN. Argentina Sinks Chinese Vessel. 2016. Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/15/americas/argentina-chinese-fishing-vessel/index.html. Acesso em: 31 de julho de 2018.
DODDS, Klaus. “The Antarctic Peninsula: Territory, Sovereignty Watch and The “Antarctic Problem””. In: ROTHWELL, Donald R.; SCOTT, Karen N.; HEMMINGS, Alan D. “The Search for Antarctic Security”. In: ROTHWELL, Donald R.; SCOTT, Karen N.; HEMMINGS, Alan D (Org.). Antarctic Security in the Twenty-First Century: Legal and Policy Perspectives. Londres: Routledge, 2012. pp. 95-115.
DODDS, Klaus; HEMMINGS, Alan D. “Britain and the British Antarctic Territory in the Wider Geopolitics of the Antarctic and the Southern Ocean”. In: International Affairs, v. 89, n. 06, 2013, pp. 1429-1444.
ESPAÑA. National Maritime Security Strategy. s/d. Disponível em: http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/documents/20131333estrategiadeseguridadmartima_ingls.pdf. Acesso em: 31 de julho de 2018.
EUROPEAN UNION. European Union Maritime Security Strategy. s/d. Disponível em: https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/policy/maritime-security_en. Acesso em: 31 de julho de 2018.
FABRA, Adriana; GASCÓN, Virginia. “The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) and the Ecosystem Approach”. In: The International Journal of Marine and Costal Law, 2008, v. 23, pp. 567-598.
FERREIRA, Luciano Vaz. Direito Internacional da Guerra. Jundiaí: Paco Editoral, 2014.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO). The State of World Fisheries and Acquaculture: Opportunities and Challenges. Roma: FAO, 2014.
__________. The State of World Fisheries and Acquaculture: Contributing to Food Security and Nutrition for All. Roma: FAO, 2016.
__________. World Fish Market at Glance. 2017. Disponível em: http://www.fao.org/in-action/globefish/fishery-information/resource-detail/en/c/338597/. Acesso em: 31 de maio de 2018.
FOSTER, Carline E. “Antarctic Resources and Human Security”. In: ROTHWELL, Donald R.; SCOTT, Karen N.; HEMMINGS, Alan D (Org.). Antarctic Security in the Twenty-First Century: Legal and Policy Perspectives. Londres: Routledge, 2012. pp. 154-171.
FIGUEIREDO, E. L. “Os Estudos Estratégicos, a Defesa Nacional e a Segurança Internacional”. In: Lessa, Renato. (Org.). Horizontes das Ciências Sociais no Brasil (Ciência Política). 1 ed. v. 1. São Paulo: Anpocs/Editora Barcarolla /Discurso Editorial/ICH, 2010. pp. 271-295.
FRANCE. Marine Nationale – Flóreal. s/d. Disponível em: https://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/equipements/batiments-de-combat/fregates/de-surveillance/floreal-f-730. Acesso em: 31 de julho de 2018.
__________. Marine Nationale – Nivôse. s/d. Disponível em: https://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/equipements/batiments-de-combat/fregates/de-surveillance/nivose-f-732. Acesso em: 31 de julho de 2018.
__________. Strategie Nationale de Surete des Espaces Maritimes. s/d. Disponível em: https://www.gouvernement.fr/sites/default/files/contenu/piece-jointe/2016/01/strategie_nationale_de_surete_des_espaces_maritimes_en_national_strategy_for_the_security_of_maritime_areas.pdf. Acesso em: 31 de julho de 2018.
FULTON, Thomas Wemyss. The Sovereignty of the Sea. London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1911.
GUILFOYLE, Douglas. Shipping Interdiction and the Law of the Sea. Cambridge: Cambridge, 2009.
HAENLEIN, Cathy. Below the Surface: How Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing Threatens our Security. Londres: RUSI, 2011.
HAWARD, Marcus. “Marine Resources Management, Security And Antartic Treaty System: Na Ongoing Agenda”? In: ROTHWELL, Donald R.; SCOTT, Karen N.; HEMMINGS, Alan D (Org.). Antarctic Security in the Twenty-First Century: Legal and Policy Perspectives. Londres: Routledge, 2012. pp. 216-237.
INDIA. Ensuring Secure Seas: Indian Maritime Security Strategy. s/d. Disponível em: https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/Indian_Maritime_Security_Strategy_Document_25Jan16.pdf. Acesso em: 31 de julho de 2018.
KAWARAZUKA, Nozomi; BÉNÉ, Christophe. “The potential role of small fish species in improving micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries: building evidence”. In: Public Health Nutrition, v. 14, n. 11, 2011, pp. 1927-1938.
KLEIN, Natalie. Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
KRASKA. James. Maritime Power and the Law of the Sea: Expeditionary Operations in World Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
KRASKA, James; PEDROZO, Raul. International Maritime Security Law. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2013.
KRASNER, Stephen D. “Structural Cases and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables”. In: International Organization, Cambridge, v. 36, n. 2, 1982, pp. 185-205.
MACK, John. The Sea: A Cultural History. Londres: Reaktion, 2011.
MATTHEW, Richard A. Global Environmental Change and Human Security. Boston: MIT, 2010.
MYERS, Norman. “The Environmental Dimension to Security Issues”. In: Environmentalist, v. 6, n. 4, s/d., pp. 251-257.
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COUNCIL. Global Implications of Ilegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing. 2016. Disponível em: https://fas.org/irp/nic/fishing.pdf. Acesso em: 31 de maio de 2018.
NEW ZEALAND. Royal New Zealand Navy – HMNZ Otago. s/d. Disponível em: http://navy.mil.nz/mtf/otago/. Acesso em: 31 de julho de 2018.
__________. Royal New Zealand Navy – HMNZ Wellington. s/d. Disponível em: http://navy.mil.nz/mtf/well/. Acesso em: 31 de julho de 2018.
PALMA, Mary Ann; TSAMENYI, Martin; EDESON, William. Promoting Sustainable Fisheries: The International Legal and Policy Framework to Combat Ilegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2010.
PARIS, Roland. “Human Security: Paradigm Shift or Hot Air”? In: International Security, v. 26, n. 1, 2001, pp. 87-102.
PAULY, Daniel; ZELLER, Dirk. “Catch reconstructions reveal that global marine fisheries catches are higher than reported and declining”. In: Nature Communications, n. 7, fev., 2015.
ROTHWELL, Donald R. “Law Enforcement in Antarctica”. In: ROTHWELL, Donald R.; SCOTT, Karen N.; HEMMINGS, Alan D. “The Search for Antarctic Security”. In: ROTHWELL, Donald R.; SCOTT, Karen N.; HEMMINGS, Alan D (Org.). Antarctic Security in the Twenty-First Century: Legal and Policy Perspectives. Londres: Routledge, 2012. pp. 136-153.
ROTHWELL, Donald R.; STEPHENS, Tim. The International Law of the Sea. Oxford: Bloomsburry, 2016.
ROTHWELL, Donald R.; SCOTT, Karen N.; HEMMINGS, Alan D. “The Search for Antarctic Security”. In: ROTHWELL, Donald R.; SCOTT, Karen N.; HEMMINGS, Alan D (Org.). Antarctic Security in the Twenty-First Century: Legal and Policy Perspectives. Londres: Routledge, 2012. pp. 1-17.
SANDS, Philippe. Principles of International Environmental Law. 2 ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
SHAVER, Amanda; YOZELL, Sally. Casting a Wider Net: The Security Implications of Ilegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. Washington: Stimson Center, 2018.
SPELLER, Ian. Understading Naval Warfare. New York: Routledge, 2014.
STEINBERG, Philip E. The Social Constructo f Ocean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
TILL, Geoffrey. Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century. New York: Routledge, 2014.
__________. “The Changing Dynamics of Seapower and Concepts of Battle”. In: BEKKEVOLD, Jo Inge; TILL, Geoffrey (Org.). International Order at Sea: How it is Challenged, How it is Maintained. Londres: Palgrave Macmillian, 2016. pp. 177-198.
ULLMAN, Richard H. “Redefining Security”. In: International Security, v. 8, n. 1, 1983, pp. 129-153.
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMEE (UNDP). Human Development Report 1994. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
UNITED KINGDOM. UK National Strategy for Maritime Security. s/d. Disponível em: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/322813/20140623-40221_national-maritime-strat-Cm_8829_accessible.pdf. Acesso em: 31 de julho de 2018.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The National Strategy for Maritime Security. s/d. Disponível em: https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/255380.pdf . Acesso em: 31 de maio de 2018.
__________. Antarctic Treaty Handbook: Conservation of Antarctic Seals. 1990. Disponível em: https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/15280.pdf. Acesso em: 31 de março de 2018.
WEAVER, Ole. “Securitization and Desecuritization”. In: LIPSCHUTZ, Ronnie. On Security. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. pp. 46-86.
WWF. Fishing problems: Destructive fishing practices. s/d. Disponível em: http://wwf.panda.org/our_work/oceans/problems/destructive_fishing/. Acesso em: 31 de maio de 2018.