Beneficios de la actividad física para el desarrollo del niño con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA)
una revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5902/1984686X93237Palabras clave:
Autismo, Actividad física, Desarrollo infantilResumen
Este estudio investigó los beneficios de la actividad física para el desarrollo motor, sensorial y social de niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista. Se trata de una revisión sistemática, con una búsqueda en cinco bases de datos, doble cribado independiente, evaluación de la calidad metodológica y extracción de datos estandarizada. Se seleccionaron 30 artículos, de los cuales 13 fueron ensayos clínicos, 14 estudios cuasiexperimentales o piloto y 3 informes de caso, totalizando aproximadamente 750 niños de 2 a 14 años. Predominaron los programas de habilidades motoras fundamentales, seguidos de protocolos acuáticos, exergames, acondicionamiento general y formatos híbridos, aplicados principalmente en escuelas, gimnasios universitarios y piscinas terapéuticas. Las intervenciones de 12 semanas o más y una carga semanal igual o superior a 120 minutos elevan el cociente motor global, aumentan el compromiso académico y reducen los comportamientos disruptivos, mientras que los enfoques multisensoriales atenuaron la hiperreactividad táctil. Se concluye que la actividad física constituye una estrategia multidimensional eficaz, pero se destaca la necesidad de ensayos multicéntricos a largo plazo, la estandarización de la dosis y la inclusión de participantes con mayores necesidades de apoyo para fortalecer futuras recomendaciones de práctica.
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