China, Guyana, and the confluence of strategic interests over the Essequibo region claimed by Venezuela

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5902/2357797586279

Keywords:

Guayana Esequiba, Territorial disputes, Geopolitics, Guyana, China

Abstract

The article discusses the role played by the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the territorial controversy over Guayana Esequiba between Venezuela and Guyana. This influence will be examined by reviewing a set of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) applied to territories occupied and administered by Guyana. Additionally, it explores negotiations quid pro quo motivated by the extraction of strategic resources, the promotion of economic development, and Guyana's securitization of issues inherent to a negotiation process governed by the 1966 Geneva Agreement. This agreement is currently active between states experiencing one of the most significant phases of cooperation in their diplomatic relations. However, this situation was disrupted by the unilateral and unconsulted development of offshore oil prospecting and extraction operations in undelimited marine areas between Venezuela and Guyana.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Ricardo Salvador De Toma-García, Centro de Estudos Estratégicos e Planejamento Espacial Marinho, Pelotas, RS, Brasil.

Doutor em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais (UFRGS/2023). Mestre em Sociedade e Fronteiras (UFRR/2018). Bacharel em Direito pela Faculdade de Direito, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (revalidação 2023). É Analista do Litigio Territorial e Marítimo da Guaiana Essequiba entre a Venezuela e a Guyana. Estuda a Geopolítica e a Conformação das Fronteiras e os Limites Internacionais em tres regioes: 1- Escudo das Guianas; 2- Regiao Amazonica; 3- Bacia do Caribe; Atualmente é pesquisador do Centro de Estudos Estratégicos e Planejamento Espacial Marinho - CEDEPEM (UFPel/UFF e instituições parceiras). 

References

CAMPION, Andrew Stephen. From CNOOC to Huawei: securitization, the China threat, and critical infrastructure. Asian Journal of Political Science, London, v. 28, n. 123, p. 1-20, 2020. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2020.1741416. Enlace verificado el día: 08 mar. 2023.

CHEN, Zhiting; CHEN, Geoffrey. The changing political economy of central state-owned oil companies in China. The Pacific Review, London, 2019. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2019.1679229. Enlace verificado el día: 06 ago. 2020.

CNOOC Limited. Operations. Guyana stabroek block estimated at 6 billion barrels. Beijing, 2020. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3ZX8hqH. Enlace verificado el dia: 20 dic. 2020.

DE TOMA-GARCÍA, Ricardo. La posición del Brasil frente a las usurpaciones británicas en las Guayanas. In: DÁVILA, William (org.) Libro blanco: la reclamación venezolana del Territorio del Esequibo. Panamá: Comisión Permanente de Política Exterior, Soberanía e Integración de la Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela; Editorial Jurídica Venezolana International, 2020b. v. 1. p. 213-235. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3LdmRq2. Enlace verificado el día: 08 mar. 2023.

DE TOMA-GARCÍA, Ricardo. Os interesses geopolíticos do Brasil na Guaiana Essequiba: três períodos chave na compreensão da posição brasileira diante da reclamação territorial empreendida pela Venezuela ante a Guyana. Caxias do Sul, 2020a. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/4224omf.

ELLIS, Evan. China’s advance in the Caribbean. [S.l.]: Wilson Center; Latin American Program, Oct. 2020. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3JRxXA3. Enlace verificado el día: 08 mar. 2023.

ELLIS, Evan. Estrategic insights: Caribbean security issues. Washington: CSIS; US Army War College, May 2017. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/4227JBN. Enlace verificado el día: 08 mar. 2023.

ELLIS, Evan. Security challenges in Guyana and the government response. Journal of the Americas, [s.l.], Dec. 2019b, Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3kXKKHs. Enlace verificado el día: 08 mar. 2023.

ELLIS, Evan. Understanding and responding to Chinese activities in Latin America and the Caribbean. In: MCDONALD, Scott; BURGOYNE, Michael. China's global influence: perspectives and recommendations. [S.n.e.], 2019a. p.142-159. Disponible en: https://tinyurl.com/4htwr4zt.

ELLIS, Evan. Venezuela’s “9-Dash-Line” in the Caribbean In: PATERSON, Pat; EARLE, Walter (ed.). Contemporary security and defense issues in the Caribbean. Washington: William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies; National Defense University, Aug. 2016. p. 177-182. Disponible en: https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=828697. Enlace verificado el día: 08 mar. 2023.

GARAVINI, Sadio. Politica exterior de Guyana. Caracas: Instituto de Altos Estudios de America Latina – IAEAL, Universidad Simon Bolivar, 1988.

GUYANA. Ministry of Foreing Trade and International Cooperation. Annual report. Georgetown, 1999a. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3La87IH. Enlace verificado el día: 08 mar. 2023

GUYANA. Ministry of Foreing Trade and International Cooperation. Annual report. Georgetown, 2002. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3mxKxep. Enlace verificado el día: 08 mar. 2023.

GUYANA. Ministry of Foreing Trade and International Cooperation. Annual report. Georgetown, 2004a. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3yqaCig. Enlace verificado el día: 08 mar. 2023.

GUYANA. Department of Public Information. Petroleum production license. Government of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and Esso Exploration and production Guyana limited (ExxonMobil), CNOOC Nexen Petroleum Guyana, Hess Guyana Exploration Limited. Georgetown, 30 Sept. 2020c. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/42bZ28n. Enlace verificado el día: 08 mar. 2023

ISHMAEL, Odeen. The Guyana story: from earliest times to independence. [S.l.]: Xlibris, 2013.

KISSINGER, Henry. China. Traducción de Carme Geronès y Carles Urritz. Debate. [S.l.], 2012.

LI, Yuanbo; ZHU, Xufeng. The 2030 agenda for sustainable development and China’s Belt and Road Initiative in Latin America and the Caribbean. Sustainability, [s.l.], v. 11, n. 8, Apr. 2019.

LOZOYA. Jorge Alberto. Las relaciones de la República Popular China con América Latina. In: CORNEJO, Romer (comp.). China: perspectivas sobre su cultura e historia. Tomo 2. México: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios de Asia y África, 2006.

MACDONALD, Scott. Sino-Caribbean relations in a changing geopolitical sea. Journal of Chinese Political Science, [s.l.], v. 24. p. 665–684, 2019. Disponible en: 10.1007/s11366-018-09590-y.

MÁRQUEZ, Óscar. La Venezolanidad del Esequibo. Caracas: Franco, 2002.

MOLINA, Medina Norbert. Las relaciones Venezuela-China (1974-1999): los senderos de la normalización (Tomo II). Caracas: Asociación Venezolana de Estudios sobre China (AVECH), Universidad de Los Andes (ULA), 2022a. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/41ZR9mg.

OOSTERVELD, Willem; WILMS, Eric; KERTYSOVA, Katarina. China in the Caribbean. In: OOSTERVELD, Willem et al. The Belt and Road Initiative looks East: political implications of China’s Economic forays in the Caribbean and the South Pacific. Hague: Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, 2018. p. 16–45. 2018. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3JrjaKX.

VENEZUELA. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba. Documentos 1962 - 1967. Caracas, 1967.

VENEZUELA. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba. Documentos 1962 - 1981. Caracas, 1981.

VENEZUELA. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Tratados Públicos y Acuerdos Internacionales de Venezuela, v. XXV, 1982- 1983. Convenio Básico de Cooperación Científica y Técnica entre el Gobierno de la República de Venezuela y el Gobierno de la República Popular China. Pekín, 1 de noviembre de 1981. Caracas, 1986.

VENEZUELA. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Boletín del Archivo de la Casa Amarilla, Caracas, n. 5, 1998.

VENEZUELA. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Unidad Especial para Guyana. Cronología del proceso de reclamación. Caracas, 2010.

WENNER, Mark; ROGERS, Roger; CLARKE, Dilon. Guyana's PetroCaribe rice compensation scheme has ended: assessment and policy implications. Washington: Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), Feb. 2016. (Technical note, n. 930). Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3YyagRp.

ZHAO, Suisheng. China’s Belt-Road Initiative as the signature of president Xi Jinping diplomacy: easier said than done. Journal of Contemporary China, London, v. 29, n. 123, p. 319-335, 2020. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2019.1645483. Enlace verificado el día: 08 mar. 2023.

ZHU, Zhiqun. The ‘Guyana incident’ and lessons for Taiwan’s international space. East Asia Forum, [s.l.], 4 Mar. 2021. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3L9ULvT. Enlace verificado el día: 08 mar. 2023.

Published

2024-01-18

How to Cite

De Toma-García, R. S. (2024). China, Guyana, and the confluence of strategic interests over the Essequibo region claimed by Venezuela. Revista InterAção, 15(1), e86279. https://doi.org/10.5902/2357797586279