CHALLENGES IN FORENSIC STYLISTICS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF ONLINE HATE SPEECH OFFENCES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5902/2179219428330Keywords:
Forensic Linguistics, Authorship Recognition, Online hate speeches.Abstract
Despite its benefits, Internet provides an accessible, affordable and anonymous way for the dissemination of offensive contents or hate speeches. Among their object of study Forensic Linguistics includes the authorship attribution of this type of messages. This study looks into the key methodological aspects to be considered in Authorship Attribution. The selection of the more appropriate features, the text size and how to draw conclusions from data are among them. There is still a long way to solve some of the problems related to them in this scientific field.
Downloads
References
ABBASI, Ahmend; CHEN, Hsinchun. Applying authorship analysis to extremist-group web forum messages. Intelligent Systems, IEEE, n. 20, v.5, p. 67-75. 2005.
ADL. Responding to Cyber hate. Toolkit for Action. Anti Defamation League, 2010. Disponible en: http://www.adl.org/assets/pdf/combatinghate/ADL-Responding-to-CyberhateToolkit.pdf. Acceso en: 15 de julio de 2017.
AGGARWAL, Charu C. Data classification: algorithms and applications. New York: CRC Press, 2014.
BAMMAN, David; EISENSTEIN, Jacob; SCHNOEBELEN, Tyler.Gender identity and lexical variation in social media. Journal of Sociolinguistics, n. 18, v. 2, p. 135-160, 2014.
BHARGAVA, Mudit; MEHNDIRATTA, Pulkit; ASAWA, Krishna. Stylometric analysis for authorship attribution on twitter. In: International Conference on Big Data Analytics. Springer, Cham, 2013, p. 37-47.
BERGER, John. M; STRATHEARN, Bill. Who Matters Online: Measuring influence, evaluating content and countering violent extremism in online social networks. Int. Centre for the Study of Radicalisation. King’s College London, 2013.
CICRES BOSCH, Jordi; GAVALDÀ, Nuria. La lingüística forense: la llengua com a evidència. Revista de Llengua i Dret, n. 61, p. 60-71, 2014.
COULTHARD, M Malcolm; JOHNSON Alison. An Introduction to Forensic Linguistics: Language in Evidence. London and New York: Routledge, 2007.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. Committee of Ministers. Recommendation 97 (20) on “hate speech”, 1997.
CRESPO, Mario. Corpus ForenUCA: diseño, objetivos y estado actual en el marco del Instituto de Investigación en Lingüística Aplicada. Actas… XXXV Congreso Internacional de AESLA. Asociación Española de Lingüística Aplicada, 2017.
CRISTANI, Marco et al. Conversationally-inspired stylometric features for authorship attribution in instant messaging. Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Multimedia, p. 1121-1124, 2012.
DE LUCA, Stefano; NAVARRO, Fernando; CAMERIERE, Roberto. La prueba pericial y su valoración en el ámbito judicial español. Revista Electrónica de Ciencia Penal y Criminología, n. 15, p. 1-19, 2013.
DELGADO ROMERO, Carlos. La identificación de locutores en el ámbito forense. Tesis doctoral. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2001.
DJURIC, N. et al. Hate speech detection with comment embeddings. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web, p. 29-30. ACM. 2015.
DUNN, Jonathan et al. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, n. 31, v.4, p. 689-710, 2016.
ECKERT, William G.; WRIGHT, Ronald K. Scientific evidence in court. In: William G. Eckert (Ed.), Introduction to forensic sciences. New York: CRC Press, 1997.
EDER, Maciej. Does size matter? Authorship attribution, small samples, big problem. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, n. 30, v. 2, p. 167-182, 2015.
EL MANAR, El Bouanani; KASSOU, Sara; KASSOU, Ismail. Authorship analysis studies: A Survey. International Journal of Computer Applications, n. 86, v. 12, p. 22–29, 2014.
FERRARA, Emilio et al. Predicting online extremism,content adopters, and interaction reciprocity. SocInfo 2016: 8th International Conference on Social Informatics, 2016.
GIBBONS, John. (Org.). Language and the Law. Londres y Nueva York: Lognman. 1994.
GRANT, Tim D.; BAKER, Kevin L. Identifying reliable, valid markers of authorship: a response to Chaski. Forensic Linguistics, 8, p. 66-79, 2001.
GRANT, Tim. Approaching questions in forensic authorship analysis. In GIBBONS, John; TURELL, María Teresa. Dimensions of forensic linguistics. Vol. 5. John Benjamin’s Publishing. 2008.
GRIEVE, Jack. Quantitative authorship attribution: An evaluation of techniques. Literary and linguistic computing, n. 22, v. 3, p. 251-270, 2007.
GUILLÉN NIETO, Victoria et al. Exploring State-Of-Art Software for Forensic Authorship Identification. International Journal of English Studies, North America, 8, 2008.
HANZELKA, Jan; SCHMIDT, Ina. Dynamics of Cyber Hate in Social Media: A Comparative Analysis of Anti-Muslim Movements in the Czech Republic and Germany. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, n.11, v. 1, 2017.
HOLMES, David I. The evolution of stylometry in humanities scholarship. Literary and linguistic computing, n. 13, v. 3, p. 111-117, 1998.
JIMÉNEZ, Miriam. La Lingüística forense: licencia para investigar la lengua. In: GARAYZÁBAL, Elena; JIMÉNEZ, Miriam; REIGOSA, Mercedes. Lingüística forense: la lingüística en el ámbito legal y policial. Madrid: Euphonia Ediciones, 2012.
MCMENAMIN, Gerald. R. Forensic linguistics: Advances in forensic stylistics. CRC press, 2002.
NGUYEN, Dong et al. ‘How old do you think I am?’ A study of language and age in Twitter. Proceedings of the Seventh International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, ICWSM 2013, Palo Alto, CA,: AAAI Press, p. 439-448, 2013.
OLSSON, John. Forensic Linguistics. An Introduction to Language, crime and the law. Continuum, 2004.
OLSSON, John; LUCHJENBROERS, June. Forensic Linguistics. Bloomsbury. 2014.
PÉREZ GONZÁLEZ, Luis. Perspectivas de desarrollo de peritaje lingüístico en España. In: TURELL, María Teresa (Org.). Lingüística forense, lengua y derecho, 2005.
PICORNELL GARCÍA, Isabel. La aplicación de atribución de autoría en la investigación e inteligencia La aplicación práctica. In: GARAYZÁBAL, Elena; JIMÉNEZ, Miriam; REIGOSA, Mercedes. Lingüística forense: la lingüística en el ámbito legal y policial. Madrid: Euphonia Ediciones, 2012.
QUERALT, Sheila. Acerca de la prueba lingüística en atribución de autoría hoy. Revista de Llengua i Dret, n. 62, 2014.
RICO SULAYES, Antonio. Quantitative Authorship Attribution of Users of Mexican Drug Dealing Related Online Forums. Dissertations/Theses - Doctoral Dissertations. Georgetown University, 2012.
ROCHA, Anderson et al. Authorship attribution for social media forensics. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, n. 12, v. 1, p.5-33, 2017.
ROSE, P. Forensic speaker identification. CRC Press, 2002.
SAVOY, Jacques. Estimating the probability of an authorship attribution. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, n.67, v. 6, p. 1462-1472, 2016.
SCHWARTZ, Andrew H. et al. Personality, gender, and age in the language of social media: The open-vocabulary approach. PloS one, n. 8, v. 9, p. 73-91, 2013.
SILVA, Rui. Sousa et al. Twazn me!!! (authorship analysis of micro-blogging messages). In: R. MUÑOZ, Andres; MONTOYO, Andrés; MÉTAIS, Elisabeth; Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, p. 161-168, 2012.
STAMATATOS, Efstathios. A survey of modern authorship attribution methods. Journal of the American Society for information Science and Technology, n. 60, v. 3, p. 538-556, 2009.
STAMATATOS, Efstathios et al. Overview of the PAN/CLEF 2015 Evaluation Lab, Experimental IR Meets Multilinguality, Multimodality, and Interaction. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 9283, NY: Springer International Publishing, p. 518-538, 2015.
TAMBOLI, Mubin Shaukat; PRASAD, Rajesh S. Authorship Analysis and Identification Techniques: A Review. International Journal of Computer Applications, n. 77, v. 16, 2013.
TIERSMA, Peter. What is forensic linguistics? Aston University Centre for Forensic Linguistics. 2008. Disponible en: http://www.languageandlaw.org/FORENSIC.HTM. Acceso en: 13 jul. 2017.
TRIOLA, MARIO F. Estadística. Addison-Wesley, 2009.
TURELL, María; PLAGIARISM, Teresa. In: J. Gibbons, M. T. Turell, Dimensions of forensic linguistics. Vol. 5. John Benjamins Publishing, 2008.
WATT, Dominic. The Identification of the Individual through Speech. Language and Identities, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University, p. 76-85. 2010.
ZHENG, Rong et al. A framework for authorship identification of online messages: Writing-style features and classification. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, n. 57, v. 3, p. 378-393, 2006.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Ficam concedidos a Fragmentum todos os direitos autorais referentes aos trabalhos publicados. Os originais não devem ter sido publicados ou submetidos simultaneamente a outro periódico e não serão devolvidos. Em virtude de aparecerem nesta revista de acesso público, os artigos são de uso gratuito, com atribuições próprias, em aplicações educacionais e não comerciais.
