Biodegradación y Biotransformación de Hidrocarburos de Petróleo: Avances, Perspectivas y Desafíos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5902/2236117069288Palabras clave:
hidrocarburos de petróleo, impactos ecológicos, biorremediaciónResumen
El petróleo es considerado la principal fuente de energía, siendo fundamental para la realización de diversas actividades industriales. Sin embargo, es perjudicial para el medio ambiente, ya que además de la liberación de gases contaminantes durante la combustión, su explotación implica riesgos de contaminación del agua, a través de fugas. Los hidrocarburos contaminantes del petróleo forman parte de los compuestos recalcitrantes y su eliminación del medio ambiente provoca enormes impactos ecológicos. La restauración de estos ambientes no es un reto baladí, ya que la degradación natural, sin intervención antrópica, depende de la naturaleza, composición, propiedades físicas y químicas de estos compuestos. Así, la biorremediación aparece como alternativa en el proceso de biodegradación mediante la adición de microorganismos, nutrientes u otras sustancias que provocan y aceleran la descontaminación. Las ventajas de estos métodos implican eficiencia y bajo costo, en comparación con otras tecnologías. Este trabajo reúne conocimientos sobre las perspectivas de aplicación de los sistemas de biorremediación en la recuperación de ambientes contaminados por hidrocarburos de petróleo, discutiendo avances, perspectivas y desafíos.
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