Da história à natureza: o retorno de Leo Strauss ao pensamento não historicista
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5902/2357797589733Palavras-chave:
Leo Strauss, Filosofia política, Historicismo, Natureza, HistóriaResumo
Considerado o alcance da crítica ao historicismo, é possível dizer que a démarche filosófica de Leo Strauss se consolida como a tentativa de um retorno ao que seria o pensamento não historicista em sua “forma pura”, isto é, o pensamento em cujo núcleo figura uma compreensão original acerca do binômio natureza-história. Para o filósofo, a compreensão sobre esse par conceitual sofre uma mutação radical ao longo da modernidade, tornando a filosofia algo impossível ou absurdo e a filosofia política algo datado. Assim, sugere-se, a empreitada straussiana a nós se apresenta como uma tentativa de restauração da categoria de natureza (physis) e da noção de história (historia) tal como compreendidas pelos pensadores não historicistas. A proposta deste artigo é retomar alguns passos de Strauss nesse caminho de volta da história à natureza, destacando, especialmente, dois aspectos principais e correlatos, os quais, acredito, permitem-nos uma compreensão mínima sobre o significado da sofisticada empresa straussiana: (i) o uso justificado da metodologia genética e histórica do autor, algo que deve servir à tarefa de realçar ou, de modo enfático, reencenar as condições de possibilidade da filosofia política; e (ii) a defesa straussiana de uma compreensão não historicista da natureza, cuja adequação deve revelar a insuficiência da noção de história no âmbito do conhecimento acerca da natureza das coisas políticas e da ideia do direito natural. A partir desse destaque, nota-se a maneira como Strauss provoca sua audiência, trazendo à tona o elogio da filosofia e a suspeita incômoda sobre os limites do conhecimento histórico.
Downloads
Referências
ALTINI, C. “Beyond Historicism: Collingwood, Strauss, Momigliano”. Interpretation – A Journal of Political Philosophy. Vol. 34, 2006, p. 47-66.
BEHNEGAR, N. “Preface”. In: Strauss, L. Historicism and Modern Relativism. Leo Strauss Transcript Project. Chicago: Digital form, 2016. Diponível em: https://leostrausscenter.uchicago.edu/audio-transcripts/courses-audio-transcripts/. Acesso em: 12 jun. 2024.
BOURETZ, Pierre. Testemunhas do Futuro – Filosofia e Messianismo. Tradução J.Guinsburg, Fany Kon, Vera Lúcia Felício. São Paulo: Editora Perspectiva, 2011.
BURNYEAT, M. F. “Sphinx without a Secret”. The New York Review, n. 30, 1985, p. 30-36.
COLEN, J. A. “Toward Strauss’s Intention and Teaching in Natural Right and History”. In: STRAUSS, L. Toward Natural Right and History. Lectures and Essays by Leo Strauss, 1937– 1946. Edited by J. A. Colen and Svetozar Minkov. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.
DRURY, S. B. The Political Ideas of Leo Strauss. New York: St. Martin Press, 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19128-4
DONATO, M.; NOSETTO, L. Leo Strauss: de Nietzsche a Platón ‒ entre Escila y Caribdis. Bogotá: Universidad Libre, 2014.
FUSSI, A. “Leo Strauss on Collingwood, Historicism, and the Greeks”. Idealistic Studies, 44, no. 2, 2014, p. 149–162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/idstudies20154722
GUNNEL, J. G. “The Myth of Tradition”. The American Political Science Review, Vol. 72, No. 1, 1978, p. 122-134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1953603
HEIDEGGER, M. “Para quê poetas?” (1946). In: HEIDEGGER, M. Caminhos de Floresta. 2ª edição. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2012.
KEEDUS, L. The Crisis of German Historicism: the Early Political Thought of Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316144558
KENNINGTON, R. “Strauss's Natural Right and History”. The Review of Metaphysics, vol. 35, n. 1, 1981, p. 57-86.
LAMPERT, L. “Nietzsche’s Challenge to Philosophy in the Thought of Leo Strauss.” The Review of Metaphysics 58, no. 3, 2005, p. 585–619.
MAJOR, R. “The Cambridge School and Leo Strauss: texts and Context of American Political Science”. Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 58, No. 3, 2005, p. 477-485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290505800309
MYERS, D. N. Resisting History: Historicism and its Discontents in German-Jewish Thought. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400832569
SKINNER, Q. “Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas”. History and Theory, v. 8, no. 1, 1969, p. 3–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2504188
PELLUCHON, C. Leo Strauss and the Crisis of Rationalism: Another Reason, Another Enlightenment. Trad. Robert Howse. New York: Suny Press, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781438449685
ROSEN, S. Hermeneutics as Politics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.
STRAUSS, L. “A Giving of Accounts”. In: STRAUSS, L. Jewish Philosophy and the Crisis of Modernity: Essays and Lectures in Modern Jewish Thought. Edited with an Introduction by Kenneth Hart Green. New York: State University of New York Press, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/book21440
STRAUSS, L. Basic Principles of Classical Political Philosophy (Course 1961). Edited by M. Richard Zinman. Leo Strauss Transcript Project. Chicago: Digital form, 2020. Disponível em: http://Basic Principles of Classical Political Philosophy (2 Oct 61) Lecture 1. Acesso em: 13 jun. 2024.
STRAUSS, L. “Conspectivism”. In: YAFFE, M. D.; RUDERMAN, R. S. et ali (Eds.). Reorientation: Leo Strauss in the 1930’s. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014a.
STRAUSS, L. “Greek Historians”. In: STRAUSS, L. Leo Strauss’ Published but Uncollected English Writings 1937–1972. Edited by Steven J. Lenzner and Svetozar Y. Minkov. Indiana: St. Augustine’s Press, 2024.
STRAUSS, L. “Historicism”. In: STRAUSS, L. Toward Natural Right and History. Lectures and Essays by Leo Strauss, 1937– 1946. Edited by J. A. Colen and Svetozar Minkov. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018a.
STRAUSS, L. Historicism and Modern Relativism (Course 1956). Edited and Introduction by Nasser Behnegar. Leo Strauss Transcript Project. Chicago: Digital form, 2016. Disponível em: https://leostrausscenter.uchicago.edu/audio-transcripts/courses-audio-transcripts/. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2023.
STRAUSS, L. “Introduction”. In: STRAUSS, L.; CROPSEY, J. History of Political Philosophy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226924717.001.0001
STRAUSS, L. “Jerusalem and Athens”. In: STRAUSS, L. Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy. With an Introduction by Thomas L. Pangle. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984.
STRAUSS, L. “Natural Right”. In: STRAUSS, L. Toward Natural Right and History. Lectures and Essays by Leo Strauss, 1937– 1946. Edited by J. A. Colen and Svetozar Minkov. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018b.
STRAUSS, L. Natural Right (Course 1962). Edited and with an introduction by Svetozar Minkov. Leo Strauss Transcript Project. Chicago: Digital form, 2014b. Disponível em: https://leostrausscenter.uchicago.edu/audio-transcripts/courses-audio-transcripts/. Acesso em: 24 mai. 2024.
STRAUSS, L. Natural Right and History. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1999.
STRAUSS, L. “On classical political philosophy”. In: STRAUSS, L. What is Political Philosophy? And other studies. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988a.
STRAUSS, L. On Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Edited and with an Introduction by Richard L. Velkley. Leo Strauss Transcript Project. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226486772.001.0001
STRAUSS, L. On Political Philosophy: Responding to the Challenge of Positivism and Historicism. Edited by Catherine Zuckert. Leo Strauss Transcript Project. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2018c. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226566962.001.0001
STRAUSS, L. “On the study of classical political philosophy”. In: STRAUSS, L. Toward Natural Right and History. Lectures and Essays by Leo Strauss, 1937– 1946. Edited by J. A. Colen and Svetozar Minkov. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018d.
STRAUSS, L. On Tyranny. Revised and Expanded Edition, Including the Strauss-Kojève Correspondence. Edited by Victor Gourevitch and Michael S. Roth. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2000.
STRAUSS, L. “Political Philosophy and History”. In: STRAUSS, L. What is Political Philosophy? And other studies. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988b.
STRAUSS, L. “Progress or return”. In: STRAUSS, L. The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism: An Introduction to the Thought of Leo Strauss. Essays and lectures by Leo Strauss. Selected and introduced by Thomas L. Pangle. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989a.
STRAUSS, L. “Reason and Revelation”. In: MEIR, Heinrich. Leo Strauss and the Theologico-Political Problem. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
STRAUSS, L. “Religious Situation of the Present”. In: YAFFE, M. D.; RUDERMAN, R. S. et ali (Eds.). Reorientation: Leo Strauss in the 1930’s. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014b.
STRAUSS, L. “Review of Julius Ebbinghaus, On the Progress of Metaphysics”. In: The Early Writings (1921-1932). Translated and edited by Michael Zank. New York: State University of New York, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/book10161
STRAUSS, L. The City and Man. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1978.
STRAUSS, L. “The Intellectual Situation of the Present”. In: YAFFE, M. D.; RUDERMAN, R. S. et ali (Eds.). Reorientation: Leo Strauss in the 1930’s. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014c.
STRAUSS, L. “The origin of modern political thought”. In: STRAUSS, L. Toward Natural Right and History. Lectures and Essays by Leo Strauss, 1937– 1946. Edited by J. A. Colen and Svetozar Minkov. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018e.
STRAUSS, L.The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: Its basis and its genesis. Translated by Elsa M. Sinclair. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226231815.001.0001
STRAUSS, L. “The problem of Socrates – five lectures”. In: STRAUSS, L. The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism: An Introduction to the Thought of Leo Strauss. Essays and lectures by Leo Strauss. Selected and introduced by Thomas L. Pangle. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989b.
STRAUSS, L. “Tucydides: the meaning of political history”. In: STRAUSS, L. The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism: An Introduction to the Thought of Leo Strauss. Essays and lectures by Leo Strauss. Selected and introduced by Thomas L. Pangle. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989c.
STRAUSS, L. “What can we learn from political theory?” In: STRAUSS, L. Toward Natural Right and History. Lectures and Essays by Leo Strauss, 1937– 1946. Edited by J. A. Colen and Svetozar Minkov. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018f. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226512242.001.0001
STRAUSS, L. “What is political philosophy?” In: In: STRAUSS, L. What is Political Philosophy? And other studies. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988c.
TANGUAY, D. “Breaking Free from the Spell of Historicism”. In: STRAUSS, L. Toward Natural Right and History. Lectures and essays by Leo Strauss, 1937-1946. Edited by J. A. Colen and Svetozar Minkov. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.
ZERILLI, Linda M. G. A Democratic Theory of Judgment. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226398037.001.0001
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/4.0/88x31.png)
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.