How to distinguish memory representations? A historical and critical journey
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.5902/2179378639849Mots-clés :
Kinds of memory, Declarative memory, Episodic memory, Semantic memory, Autobiographical memoryRésumé
Memory is not a unitary phenomenon. Even among the group of long-term individual memory representations (known in the literature as declarative memory) there seems to be a distinction between two kinds of memory: memory of personally experienced events (episodic memory) and memory of facts or knowledge about the world (semantic memory). Although this distinction seems very intuitive, it is not so clear in which characteristic or set of interrelated characteristics lies the difference. In this article, I present the different criteria proposed in the philosophical and scientific literature in order to account for this distinction: (1) the vehicle of representation; (2) the grammar of the verb “to remember”; (3) the cause of the memory; (4) the memory content; and (5) the phenomenology of memory representations. Whereas some criteria seem more plausible than others, I show that all of them are problematic and none of them really fulfill their aim. I then briefly outline a different criterion, the affective criterion, which seems a promising line of research to try to understand the grounds of this distinction.Téléchargements
Références
Allen, P. A., Kaut, K. P., & Lord, R. R. Emotion and episodic memory. In DERE, E., EASTON, A., NADEL, L., & HUSTON, J. P. (Eds.), Handbook of episodic memory. Handbook of behavioral neuroscience. Elservier, vol. 18, 2008, p. 115-132.
AMBERBER, M. (Ed.), The Language of Memory in a Crosslinguistic Perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007.
ARISTOTLE (350 BC) On Memory and Reminiscence.
Baddeley, A. Reflections on autobiographical memory. In: BERNTSEN, D. & RUBIN, D. (Eds.). Understanding Autobiographical Memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Barsalou, L. The content and organization of autobiographical memories. In: NEISSER, U. Neisser & E. Winograd (Eds.), Remembering reconsidered. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
BARTLETT, F.C. Remembering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932.
Bermudez, J. L. Memory and Self-consciousness. In: BERNECKER, S. & MICHAELIAN, K. (Eds.). The Routledge handbook of philosophy of memory. New York: Routledge, p. 180-191, 2017.
BERNECKER, S. The Metaphysics of Memory. Dordrecht: Springer, 2008.
BERNECKER, S. Memory: A philosophical Study. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010.
BLAXTON, T. Investigating dissociations among memory measures: support for a transfer appropriate processing framework. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 15, 657-658, 1988.
BOYACIOGLU, I., & AKFIRAT, S. Development and psychometric properties of a new measure for memory phenomenology: The autobiographical memory characteristics questionnaire. Memory, 23(7), 1070-1092, 2015.
Boyd, R. Homeostasis, species and higher taxa. In: WILSON, R. (Ed.), Species: New Interdisciplinary Essays. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 141-185, 1999.
Brewer, W. What is autobiographical memory? In: RUBIN, R. (Ed.) Autobiographical Memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 25-49, 1986.
CABEZA, R., & Moscovitch, M. Memory systems, processing modes, and components: functional neuroimaging evidence. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(1), 49-55, 2013.
CHENG, S., WERNING, M., & SUDDENDORF, T. Dissociating memory traces and scenario construction in mental time travel. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 60, 82-89, 2016.
CLAPARÈDE, E. Recognition et moitié. Archives de psychologie, 11, p. 79-90, 1911.
CLAYTON, N.S. & DICKINSON, A. Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays. Nature, 395, 272–274, 1998.
Conway, M. A structural model of autobiographical memory. In: CONWAY, M. RUBIN, D., SPINNLER, H., & WAGENAAR, W. (Eds.). Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publisher, 167-194, 1992.
Conway, M. A. Autobiographical knowledge and autobiographical memory. In: RUBIN, D. (Ed.). Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 67-93, 1995.
CONWAY, M. Memory and the self. Journal of Memory and Language, 53, 594-628, 2005.
CONWAY, M. Episodic memories. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2305-2313, 2009.
CONWAY, M., & PLEYDELL-PEARCE, C. The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological review, 107, 261-288, 2000.
DOLAN, R. J., LANE, R., CHUA, P., & FLETCHER, P. Dissociable temporal lobe activations during emotional episodic memory retrieval. Neuroimage, 11(3), 203-209, 2000.
EVANS, F. & THORN, W. Two types of posthypnotic amnesia: Recall amnesia and source amnesia. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 14(2), 162-179, 1966.
FARAH, M. J. The neurological basis of mental imagery: A componential analysis. Cognition, 18, 245–272, 1984.
FERNANDEZ, J. The intentionality of memory. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 84(1), 39-57, 2006.
GHAHAM, K.S., SIMONS, J., PRATT, K.H., PATTERSON, K., & HODGES, J.R. Insights from semantic dementia on the relationship between episodic and semantic memory. Neuropsychologia, 38, 313-324, 2000.
GREENBERG, D. L., & RUBIN, D. C. The neuropsychology of autobiographical memory. Cortex, 39(4-5), 687-728, 2003.
GRILLIA, M. & VERFAELLIE, M. Personal semantic memory: Insights from neuropsychological research on amnesia. Neuropsychologia, 61, 56-64, 2014.
HASSABIS, D., KUMARAN, D., & MAGUIRE, E. Using imagination to understand the neural basis of episodic memory. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 14365-14374, 2007.
HOLMES, E. A., & MATHEWS, A. Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders. Clinical psychology review, 30(3), 349-362, 2010.
JOHNSON, M. K., FOLEY, M. A., SUENGAS, A. G., & RAYE, C. L. Phenomenal characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined autobiographical events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117(4), 371-376, 1988.
KLEIN, S. The two selves: Their metaphysical commitments and functional independence. New York, Oxford University Press, 2014.
KLEIN, S. What memory is? WIREs Cognitive Science, 5(2), 1-38, 2014b.
KLEIN, S. & NICHOLS, S. Memory and the sense of personal identity. Mind, 121, 677-702, 2012.
KOLODNER, J. L. Maintaining organization in a dynamic long-term memory. Cognitive Science, 7(4), 243-280, 1983.
KOLODNER, J. L. Retrieval and Organizational Strategies in Conceptual Memory: A Computer Model. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1984.
LACKEY, J. Memory as a Generative Epistemic Source. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 70 (3), 636-658, 2005.
LARSEN, S. Personal context in autobiographical and narrative memories. In: CONWAY, M., RUBIN, D., SPINNLER, H. & WAGENAAR, W. (Eds). Theoretical Perspectives on Autobiographical Memory. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher, 53-74, 1992.
Linton, M. Ways of searching and the contents of memory. In: RUBIN, R. (Ed.), Autobiographical Memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
MACHERY, E. Doing Without Concepts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
MALCOLM, N. Knowledge and Certainty. London: Cornell University Press, 1963.
MARGOLIS, J. Remembering. Mind, 86, 186-205, 1977.
MARIAN, V., & NEISSER, U. Language-dependent recall of autobiographical memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 361–368, 2000.
MARTIN, C. B. & DEUTSCHER, M. Remembering. The Philosophical Review, 75(2), 161-196, 1966.
MARTINELLI, P., SPERDUTI, M. & PIOLINO, P. Neural substrates of the self-memory system. Human Brain Mapping, 34, 1515-1529, 2013.
McCormack, T. Attributing episodic memory to animals and children. In: McCORMACK, T. & HOERL, C. (Ed.) Time and Memory. New York: Oxford University Press, 285-313, 2001.
MICHAELIAN, K. Opening the doors of memory: is declarative memory a natural kind? Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 6(6), 475-482, 2015.
MICHAELIAN, K. Mental Time Travel: Episodic Memory and Our Knowledge of the Personal Past. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2016.
MOSCOVITCH, M. Memory and working with memory: A component process model based on modules and central systems. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 257-267, 1992.
MUNSAT, S. The Concept of Memory. New York: Random House, 1967.
NADEL, L. & MOSCOVITCH, M. Memory Consolidation, Retrograde Amnesia and the Hippocampal Complex. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 7, 217-227, 1997.
NAYLOR, A. Remembering-that: episodic vs. semantic. Philosophical Psychology, 24(3), 317-322, 2011.
NEISSER, U. Nested structure in autobiographical memory. In: RUBIN, R. (Ed.), Autobiographical Memory. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 71-81, 1986.
Nikulin, D. Memory in Ancient Philosophy. In: NIKULIN, D. (Ed.), Memory: A history. Oxford University Press, 35-91, 2015.
PAIVIO, A. Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1986.
PICARD, L., MAYOR-DUBOIS, C., MAEDER, P., KALENZAGA, S., ABRAM, M., DUVAL, C. EUSTACHE, F., ROULET-PEREZ, E. & PIOLINO, P. Functional independence within the self-
memory system. Cortex, 49, pp. 1463-1481, 2013.
PIOLINO, P., DESGRANGES, B., & EUSTACHE, F. Episodic autobiographical memories over the course of time: cognitive, neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings. Neuropsychologia,
(11), 2314-2329, 2009.
RENOULT, L., DAVIDSON, P., PALOMBO, D., MOSCOVITCH, M. & LEVINE, B. Personal semantics: at the crossroads of semantic and episodic memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(11), 550-558, 2012.
Roediger, H. & McDermott, K. Implicit memory in normal human subjects. In: SPINNLER, H. & BOLLER, F. (Eds.) Handbook of Neuropsychology. Amsterdam: Elservier, Vol. 8, 63-131, 1993.
ROSENBAUM, R., KOHLER, S., SCHACTER, D., MOSCOVITCH, M., WESTMACOTT, R., BLACK, S., GAO, F. & TULVING, E. The case of K.C.: Contributions of a memory-impaired person
to memory theory. Neuropsychologia, 43, 989-1021, 2005.
ROWLANDS, M. Memory and the self: Phenomenology, science and autobiography. Oxford University Press, 2017.
RUBIN, D. The basic-systems model of episodic memory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(4), 277-311, 2006.
RUBIN, D. Event memory: A theory of memory for laboratory, autobiographical and fictional events. Psychological Review, 122(1), 1-23, 2015.
RUSSELL, B. The Problems of Philosophy, 1912. Available at: http://ditext.com/russell/russell.html
SAUNDERS, J. Does all memory imply factual memory? Analysis, 25(3), 109-115, 1965.
SCHACTER, D., HARBLUK, J. & McLACHLAN, D. Retrieval without recollection: An experimental analysis of source amnesia. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 593-611,
SCHRAUF, R.W. Bilingual autobiographical memory: Experimental studies and clinical cases. Culture and Psychology, 6, 387–417, 2000.
Squire, L.R. Memory systems: A biological concept. In: ROEDIGER, H., DUDAI, Y. & FITZPATRICK, S. Science of Memory: Concepts. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 339-344, 2007.
SQUIRE, L.R., & ZOLA, S.M. Episodic memory, semantic memory, and amnesia. Hippocampus, 8, 205-211, 1998.
TEKCAN, A. İ., YILMAZ, E., KAYA KIZILÖZ, B., KARADÖLLER, D. Z., MUTAFOĞLU, M., & AKTAN ERCIYES, A. Retrieval and phenomenology of autobiographical memories in blind
individuals. Memory, 23(3), 329-339, 2015.
Tulving, E. Episodic and semantic memory. In: TULVING, E. & DONALDSON, W. (Eds.), Organization of Memory. New York: Academic Press, 381-402, 1972.
TULVING, E. Elements of Episodic Memory. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1983.
TULVING, E. Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 26, 1–12, 1985.
Tulving, E. Organization of memory: Quo vadis? In: GAZZANIGA, M. S. (Ed.). The Cognitive Neurosciences. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 753-847, 1995.
Tulving, E. Study of memory: processes and systems. In: FOSTER, J. K. & JELICIC, M. (Eds.), Memory: Systems, Process, or Function? New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 11-30, 1999.
TULVING, E. Episodic memory and common sense: how far apart? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 356(1413), 1505-1515, 2001.
Tulving, E. Chronesthesia: awareness of subjective time. In: STUUS, D. & KNIGHT, R. (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe functions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 311-325, 2002b.
TULVING, E. Episodic memory: From mind to brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 1-25, 2002b.
Tulving, E. Episodic memory and autonoesis: Uniquely human? In: TERRACE, H. S., & METCALFE, J. (Eds.), The Missing Link in Cognition. NewYork, NY: Oxford University Press, 4-56,
VARGHA-KHADEM, F., GADIAN, D., WATKINS, K., CONNELLY, A., VAN PAESSCHEN, W. & MISHKIN, M. Differential effects of early hippocampal pathology on episodic and semantic memory. Science, 277 (5324), 376-80, 1997.
Wheeler, M.A. Episodic memory and autonoetic awareness. In: TULVING, E. & CRAIK, F. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Memory. New York, Oxford University Press, 297-312, 2000.
WOLLHEIM, R. The thread of life. Glasgow, Cambridge University Press, 1984.
YONELINAS, A. P., & RITCHEY, M. The slow forgetting of emotional episodic memories: an emotional binding account. Trends in cognitive sciences, 19(5), 259-267, 2015.
Téléchargements
Publiée
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
A submissão de originais para este periódico implica na transferência, pelos autores, dos direitos de publicação impressa e digital. Os direitos autorais para os artigos publicados são do autor, com direitos do periódico sobre a primeira publicação. Os autores somente poderão utilizar os mesmos resultados em outras publicações indicando claramente este periódico como o meio da publicação original.
A Voluntas é um periódico de acesso aberto sob a licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
