Proposal of a holistic environmental metric based on environmental indicators
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.5902/2236117064032Mots-clés :
holistic environmental metric, Sustainable Chemistry, sustainability, Green Chemistry, Environmental ChemistryRésumé
There is no doubt Sustainability reaching is essential. Natural resources rational use is extremely important to human development. Beyond the years, this preoccupation led various institutions to elaborate legislation and international guides, as Kyoto protocol, to satisfy sustainability conditions. Agenda 2030 is the most recent instrument, whose proposals attempt to these conditions. Within this context, human activity related to Chemistry is noteworthy: to guarantee all sustainable aspects in aprocedure is a great challenge. The assessment of Sustainability in Chemistry is performed by green metrics calculations, whose utility is most appropriate in comparison of procedures than in a single procedure assessment. Due to problematics with the utilization of metrics, related to: simplifications leading to pseudo-results, need of various misunderstanding calculations and incorrect adoption of metrics, an environmental metric that attempts to current necessities related to materials and energetics consumption and to assessment of sustainability in individual chemistry procedures is proposed. The metric was elaborated aiming to attempt all environmental requirements of chemical sustainability in a simplified and reliable manner, basing on bibliographic search and expertise. The metric elaboration has a combined approach, in which reference values are established to the main indicators of sustainability, using a Soft System Methodology (SSM).
Téléchargements
Références
AGEE, B. M.; MULLINS, G.; BIERNACKI, J. J.; SWARTLING, D. J. Wolff–Kishner reduction reactions using a solar irradiation heat source and a green solvent system. Green Chem. Lett. Rev. 2014;7(4):383-392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2014.966866
AKEN, K. V.; STREKOWSKI, L.; PATINY, L. EcoScale, a semi-quantitative tool to select an organic preparation based on economical and ecological parameters. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2021 jan 28];2(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1860-5397-2-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1860-5397-2-3
AZAMBUJA, M. E. Comparativo de métricas de sustentabilidade [dissertation]. Porto Alegre: Departamento de Engenharia Química/UFRS; 2013.
BARE, J. TRACI 2.0: the tool for the reduction and assessment of chemical and other environmental impacts 2.0. Clean Techn. Environ. Policy 2011;13:687-696. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-010-0338-9
BASTIAANSSEN, W. G. M.; STEDUTO, P. The water productivity score (WPS) at global and regional level: Methodology and first results from remote sensing measurements of wheat, rice and maize. Sci. Total Environ. 2017;575:595-611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.032
CALVO-FLORES, F. G. Sustainable Chemistry Metrics. ChemSusChem 2009;2(10):905-919. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.200900128
CARTER, W. P. L. Estimation of upper limit maximum incremental reactivities [Internet]. In: Documentation of the SAPRC-99 chemical mechanism for VOC reactivity assessment – Final Report to California Air Resources Board. Summary of upper limit MIR estimates for the SAPRC-99 mechanism dataset (Appendix D), 2000a. [cited 2021 jan 28]. Available from: https://intra.cert.ucr.edu/~carter/pubs/s99appd.pdf
CARTER, W. P. L. Additions and corrections to the SAPRC-99 maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) scale [Internet]. In: Documentation of the SAPRC-99 chemical mechanism for VOC reactivity assessment – Final Report to California Air Resources Board. Summary of upper limit MIR estimates for the SAPRC-99 mechanism dataset, 2000b. [cited 2021 jan 28] Available from: https://intra.cert.ucr.edu/~carter/pubs/s99corr1.pdf
CAUCHICK-MIGUEL, P. A. Metodologia de Pesquisa em Engenharia de Produção e Gestão de Operações. 3rd ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2018.
CHECKLAND, P.; POULTER, J. Soft Systems Methodology. In: REYNOLDS M., HOLWELL S.. editors. Systems Approaches to Managing Change: a Practical Guide. London: Springer-Verlag; 2010. p. 191-242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-809-4_5
CONSTABLE, D. J. C.; CURZONS, A. D.; SANTOS, L. M. F.; GEEN, G. R.; HANNAH, R. E.; HAYLER, J. D. et al. Green chemistry measures for process research and development. Green Chem. 2001;3:7-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b007875l
CONSTABLE, D. J. C.; CURZONS, A. D.; CUNNINGHAM, V. L. Metrics to ‘green’ chemistry - which are the best? Green Chem. 2002;4(6):521-527. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/B206169B
COPELLO, G. J.; VIVOT, R. M.; VARELA, F.; DIAZ, L. E. Synthesis and characterisation of a silicon oxide film solid-phase extraction system for lead traces determination: an all the way green analytical method. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2011;91(9):828-843. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03067311003628612
CRONIN, M. T. D.; LIVINGSTONE, D. J., editors. Predicting chemical toxicity and fate. New York: CRC Press LLC; 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203642627
CUE; B. W.; ZHANG, J. Green process chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry. Green Chem. Lett. Rev. 2009;2(4):193-211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17518250903258150
DeFOREST, D. K.; BRIX, K. V.; ADAMS, W. J. Assessing metal bioaccumulation in aquatic environments: the inverse relationship between bioaccumulation factors, trophic transfer factors and exposure concentration. Aquat. Toxicol. 2007;84(2):236-246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.02.022
DEWULF, J.; LANGENHOVE, H. V.; MULDER, J.; VAN DEN BERG, M. M. D.; VAN DEN KOOI, H. J.; ARONS, J. S. Illustrations towards quantifying the sustainability of technology. Green Chem. 2000;2:108-114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b000015i
DOMÈNECH, X.; AYLLÓN, J. A.; PERAL, J.; RIERADEVALL, J. How green is a chemical reaction? Application of LCA to green chemistry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002;36(24):5517-5520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/es020001m
DUARTE, R. C. C.; RIBEIRO, M. G. T. C.; MACHADO, A. A. S. C. Avaliação da "microverdura" de sínteses com a estrela verde. Quím. Nova. 2014;37(6):1085-1093.
DUARTE, R. C. C.; RIBEIRO, M. G. T. C.; MACHADO, A. A. S. C. Reaction Scale and Green Chemistry: Microscale or Macroscale, Which Is Greener? J. Chem. Educ. 2017;94(9):1255-1264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.7b00056
ECKELMAN, M. J. Life cycle inherent toxicity: a novel LCA-based algorithm for evaluating chemical synthesis pathways. Green Chem. 2016;18(11):3257-3264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC02768C
EISSEN, M.; METZGER, J. O. Environmental Performance Metrics for Daily Use in Synthetic Chemistry. Chem. Eur. J. 2002;8(16):3580-3585. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3765(20020816)8:16<3580::AID-CHEM3580>3.0.CO;2-J
GOEDKOOP, M.; SPRIENSMA, R. The Eco-indicator 99: a damage oriented method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment, Methodology Report. 3rd. ed. [Internet]. Amersfoort, Netherlands: Pre Consultants B. V; 2001 [cited 2021 jan 28]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247848113_The_Eco-Indicator_99_A_Damage_Oriented_Method_for_Life_Cycle_Impact_Assessment/link/551bba220cf251c35b50a401/download
GOEDKOOP, M.; SPRIENSMA, R. The Eco-indicator 99: a damage oriented method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment, Methodology Annex Report. 3rd. ed. [Internet]. Amersfoort, Netherlands: Pre Consultants B. V; 2001 [cited 2021 jan 28]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285641235_The_ecoindicator-99_A_damage_oriented_method_for_life_cycle_impact_assessment_Methodology_annex
HEINZLE, E.; WEIRICH, D.; BROGLI, F.; HOFFMANN, V. H.; KOLLER, G.; VERDUYN, M. A. et al. Ecological and Economic Objective Functions for Screening in Integrated Development of Fine Chemical Processes. 1. Flexible and Expandable Framework Using Indices. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1998;37:3395-3407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ie9708539
HOLDEN, N. E.; COPLEN, T. B.; BÖHLKE, J. K.; TARBOX, L. V.; BENEFIELD, J.; LAETER, J. R. et al. IUPAC Periodic Table of the elements and isotopes (IPTEI) for the education community – update 2019 (IUPAC Technical Report) [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2021 jan 28]. Available from: https://iupac.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/IPTEI_postprint_20190301.pdf
IAEA. International Atomic Energy Agency [Internet]. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency; 2008 [cited 2021 jan 28]. Advisory Material for the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, Safety Guide No. TS-G-1.1 (Rev. 1). Available from: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1325_web.pdf
IEA. International Energy Agency. Energy data [cited 2021 jan 28]. In: IEA Data and statistics database [Internet]. Available from: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tables?country=WORLD.
ISO. International Organization for Standardization. International Standard 14040. Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Principles and Framework. Geneva: ISO; 2006a.
ISO. International Organization for Standardization. International Standard 14044. Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Requirements and Guidelines. Geneva: ISO; 2006b.
KÜMMERER, K.; CLARK, J. Green and Sustainable Chemistry. In HEINRICHS H., MARTENS P., MICHELSEN G., WIEK A., editors. Sustainability Science. [Internet]. Dordrecht: Springer; 2016. p. 43-60. [cited 2021 jan 28]. Available from: http://repository.psa.edu.my/bitstream/123456789/2021/1/2016_Book_SustainabilityScience.pdf
KÜMMERER, K.; DIONYSIOU, D. D.; OLSSON, O.; FATTA-KASSINOS, D. Reducing aquatic micropollutants – Increasing the focus on input prevention and integrated emission management. Sci. Total Environ. 2019;652:836-850. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.219
LEIGHTON, P. Photochemistry of Air Pollution. New York and London: Academic Press; 2012.
LENARDÃO, E. J.; FREITAG, R. A.; DABDOUB, M. J.; BATISTA, A. C. F.; SILVEIRA, C. C. "Green chemistry" - Os 12 princípios da química verde e sua inserção nas atividades de ensino e pesquisa. Quím. Nova. 2003;26(1):123-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422003000100020
LENTINI, J. J. Scientific Protocols for fire investigation. 2nd ed. New York: CRC Press; 2013.
LESEURRE, L.; MEREA, C.; de PAULE, S. D.; PINCHART, A. Eco-footprint: a new tool for the “Made in Chimex” considered approach. Green Chem. 2014;16:1139-1148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c3gc42201a
MACHADO, A. A. S. C. Bol. S. P. Q. Métricas da Química Verde – A Produtividade Atómica 2007;(107):47-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52590/M3.P632.A30001406
MACHADO, A. A. S. C. Da génese ao ensino da química verde. Quím. Nova. 2011;34(3):535-543. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422011000300029
MACHADO, A. A. S. C. Dos primeiros aos segundos doze princípios da Química Verde. Quím. Nova. 2012;35(6):1250-1259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422012000600034
MACHADO, A. A. S. C. Bateria de métricas para avaliação da verdura material de reações de síntese. Quím. Nova. 2014;37(6):1094-1109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422014000100002
MARTINEZ-GUERRA, E.; GUDE, V. G. Assessment of Sustainability Indicators for Biodiesel Production. Appl. Sci. 2017;7(9):869-882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app7090869
MEENACHI, S.; KANDASAMY, S. Investigation of tannery liming waste water using green synthesised iron oxide nano particles. Int.. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2019;99(13):1286-1297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2019.1619715
MEKONNEN, M. M.; HOEKSTRA, A. Y. Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. Science Advances. [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2021 jan 28];2(2):e1500323. Available from: https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/2/e1500323 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500323
MENDES, N. C. Métodos e modelos de caracterização para a avaliação de impacto do ciclo de vida: análise e subsídios para a aplicação no Brasil [dissertation]. São Carlos: Departamento de Engenharia de Produção/USP; 2013.
MICHELSEN, G.; ADOMBENT, M.; MARTENS, P.; VON-HAUFF, M. Sustainable Development – Background and Context. In HEINRICHS H., MARTENS P., MICHELSEN G., WIEK A., editors. Sustainability Science. [Internet]. Dordrecht: Springer; 2016. pp. 5-30. [cited 2021 jan 28]. Available from: http://repository.psa.edu.my/bitstream/123456789/2021/1/2016_Book_SustainabilityScience.pdf
MORITA, T.; MORIKAWA, K. Expert Review for GHS classification of Chemicals on Health Effects. Industrial Health. 2011;49(5):559-565. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.MS1267
NCBI. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem. [cited 2021 jan 28]. In: National Library of Medicine Database [Internet]. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
OECD. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 301 OECD Guideline for testing of chemicals – Ready Biodegradability [Internet]. Paris: OECD Environmental Directorate, Environmental Health and Safety Division; 1992 [cited 2021 jan 28]. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/risk-assessment/1948209.pdf
OWSIANIAK, M.; LAURENT, A.; BJORN, A.; HAUSCHILD, M. Z. IMPACT 2002+, ReCiPe 2008 and ILCD’s recommended practice for characterization modelling in life cycle impact assessment: a case study-based comparison. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2014;19:1007-1021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-014-0708-3
OXLEY, J. C. The Chemistry of Explosives. In: ZUKAS J. A., WALTERS W. P., editors. Explosive Effects and Applications. New York: Springer; 1998. p 137-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0589-0_5
PEDROTTI, A.; CHAGAS, R. M.; RAMOS, V. C.; PRATA, A. P. N.; LUCAS, A. A. T.; SANTOS, P. B. Causas e consequências do processo de salinização dos solos. Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental. 2015;19(2):1308-1324.
PHAN, T. V. T.; GALLARDO, C.; MANE, J. GREEN MOTION: a new and easy to use green chemistry metric from laboratories to industry. Green Chem. 2015;17:2846-2852. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C4GC02169J
PRADO, A. G. S. Química verde, os desafios da química do novo milênio. Quím. Nova. 2003;26(5):738-744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422003000500018
PUROHIT, G.; RAJESH, U. C.; RAWAT, D. Hierarchically Porous Sphere-Like Copper Oxide (HS-CuO) Nanocatalyzed Synthesis of Benzofuran Isomers with Anomalous Selectivity and Their Ideal Green Chemistry Metrics. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2017;5:6466-6477. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00500
RIBEIRO, M. G. T. C.; COSTA, D. A.; MACHADO, A. A. S. C. Uma métrica gráfica para avaliação holística da verdura de reacções laboratoriais – “Estrela Verde”. Quím. Nova. 2010a;33(3):759-764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422010000300050
RIBEIRO, M. G. T. C.; COSTA, D. A.; MACHADO, A. A. S. C. “Green Star”: a holistic Green Chemistry metric for evaluation of teaching laboratory experiments. Green Chem. Lett. Rev. 2010b;3(2):149-159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17518251003623376
RIBEIRO, M. G. T. C.; MACHADO, A. A. S. C. Metal−Acetylacetonate Synthesis Experiments: Which Is Greener? J. Chem. Educ. 2011;88(7):947-953. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ed100174f
RIBEIRO, M. G. T. C.; MACHADO, A. A. S. C. Novas métricas holísticas para avaliação da verdura de reações de síntese em laboratório. Quím. Nova. 2012;35(9):1879-1883. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422012000900031
RIBEIRO, M. G. T. C.; YUNES, S. F.; MACHADO, A. A. S. C. Assessing the Greenness of Chemical Reactions in the Laboratory Using Updated Holistic Graphic Metrics Based on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals. J. Chem. Educ. 2014;91(11):1901-1908. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ed400421b
RIJSBERMAN, F. R. Water scarcity: Fact or fiction? Agricultural Water Management 2006;80(1-3):5-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.001
SABOIA, G. Uso do Sistema de Avaliação e Controle das Perdas por Evaporação em Tanques de Armazenamento de Solventes Orgânicos, Sistemas Produtivos e Transporte Rodoviário de Cargas Perigosas no Brasil para Avaliação de Riscos de Impacto Ambiental, incêndio e acidentes. Encarte da Revista Átomo. 2010;7:1-12.
SHANKER, U.; JASSAL, V.; RANI, M.; KAITH, B. S. Towards green synthesis of nanoparticles: From bio-assisted sources to benign solvents. A review. Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2016;96(9):801-835.
SHELDON, R. Green Chemistry - one year on. Green Chem. 2000;2:G1-G4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b000153h
SHELDON, R. A. Green solvents for sustainable organic synthesis: state of the art. Green Chem. 2005;7:267-278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b418069k
SHELDON, R. A. Metrics of Green Chemistry and Sustainability: Past, Present, and Future. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2018;6:32-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03505
SILVA, F. M.; LACERDA, P. S. B.; JONES JUNIOR, J. Desenvolvimento sustentável e química verde. Quím. Nova. 2005;28(1):103-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422005000100019
SILVEIRA, A. D. P. Química Verde: Princípios e Aplicações. [monography]. São João del-Rei: Química/Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei; 2015.
SINGH, M. Determination of the rate of reaction between potassium iodide and potassium peroxodisulphate with the econoburette: a green chemistry and microscale titrations. Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2011;91(3):272-279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03067310903094537
SKOUTA, R. Selective chemical reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide, water, and ionic liquids. Green Chem. Lett. Rev. 2009;2(3):121-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17518250903230001
SOLOMON S.; WUEBBLES, D. Ozone Depletion Potentials, Global Warming Potentials, and Future Chlorine/Bromine Loading [Internet]. In: ENNIS C. A., editor. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994. Geneva: Report of United Nations Environment Programme, World Meteorological Organization, National Oceanic and Atmosferic Administration, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration; 1995. p. 13.12-13.18. [cited 2021 jan 28]. Available from: https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/1994/chapters/chapter13.pdf
SOROURADDIN, S. M.; FARAJZADEH, M. A.; OKHRAVI, T. A green solventless temperature-assisted homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction method based on 8-hydroxyquinoline simultaneously as complexing agent and extractant for preconcentration of cobalt and nickel from water and fruit juice samples. Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2019;99(2):124-138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2019.1578351
SOUZA, J. F.; COSTA, G. P.; LUQUE, R.; ALVES, D.; FAJARDO, A. R. Polysaccharide-based superporous hydrogel embedded with copper nanoparticles: a green and versatile catalyst for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2019;9(1):136-145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CY01796D
STRANDDORF, H. K.; HOFFMANN, L.; SCHMIDT, A. Impact categories, normalisation and weighting in LCA. Environ. News. [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2021 jan 28];(78):1-90. Available from: https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2005/87-7614-574-3/pdf/87-7614-575-1.pdf
TCHOBANOGLOUS, G.; BURTON, F. L.; STENSEL, H. D., reviewers. Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse – METCALF & EDDY, Inc. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2003.
TUNDO, P.; ANASTAS, P.; BLACK, D. StC. ; BREEN, J.; COLLINS, T.; MEMOLI, S. et al. Synthetic pathways and processes in green chemistry. Introductory overview. Pure Appl. Chem. 2000;72(7):1207-1228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200072071207
UNITED NATIONS. Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment No. A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1 [Internet]. 1972 [cited 2021 jan 28]. Available from: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/523249
UNITED NATIONS. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development – Report No. A/RES/70/1 [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2021 jan 28]. Available from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf
UNITED NATIONS – Economic Comission for Europe, Globally Harmonized System of Classification and labelling of chemicals (GHS). 8th rev. ed. [Internet]. New York and Geneva: United Nations Publications; 2019 [cited 2021 jan 28]. Available from: https://unece.org/ghs-rev8-2019
VARMA, R. S. Solvent-free organic syntheses. using supported reagents and microwave irradiation. Green Chem. 1999;1(1):43-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/a808223e
VARMA, R.; VARMA, D. R. The Bhopal Disaster of 1984. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. 2005;25(1):37-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467604273822
VERONES, F.; HANAFIAH, M. M.; PFISTER, S.; HUIJBREGTS, M. A. J.; PELLETIER, G. J.; KOEHLER, A. Characterization factors for thermal pollution in freshwater aquatic environments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010;44(24):9364-9369. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/es102260c
VOULGARI, A.; GATSELOU, V. A.; KAPPI, F. A.; CHOLEVA, T. G.; TSOGAS, G. Z.; VLESSIDIS, A. G. et al. Solid ink-printed filter paper as a green adsorbent material for the solid-phase extraction of UV filters from water samples. Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2017;97(12):1163-1177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2017.1390087
WARDENCKI, W.; CURYLO, J.; NAMIESNIK, J. Green Chemistry - Current and Future Issues. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2005;14(4):389-395.
WHO. World Health Organization. IARC monographs on the identification of carcinogenic hazards to humans, List of Classifications. [cited 2021 jan 28]. In: International Agency for Research on Cancer Database [Internet]. Available from: https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications.
WINTERTON, N. Twelve more green chemistry principles. Green Chem. 2001;3(6):G73-G81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b110187k
WRI & WBCSD. World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Global Warming Potential Values. [cited 2021 jan 28]. In: Greenhouse Gas Protocol Dataset [Internet]. Available from: https://www.ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/ghgp/Global-Warming-Potential-Values%20%28Feb%2016%202016%29_1.pdf
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Versions
- 2022-07-25 (2)
- 2021-04-08 (1)
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
(c) Tous droits réservés Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental 2021
Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Partage dans les Mêmes Conditions 4.0 International.
DECLARATION
