Development of an innovative index to assess worker’s health risk: the WHRI applied to an oil industry in Bahia, Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5902/1983465963715Keywords:
Index development. Worker’s health risk index (WHRI). Sustainable working conditions. Risk managementAbstract
Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess the worker’s health (WH) risk, focused on sustainable development in a work context and based on the development and application of the Worker’s Health Risk Index (WHRI) in the oil extraction and production industry in Bahia, Brazil.
Design/methodology/approach: The sample, obtained by quota sampling, comprised 965 participants. The development stage integrated a group of 10 specialists, including physicians, nurses, nutritionists, dentists and physical educators, all specialists in the WH area, as well as 3 experts in the area of data science. Three risk ranges were defined: "Low", "Moderate" and "High".
Findings: The WHRI validation revealed reliability and reproducibility, as well as the ability to identify differences among the population studied according to sex, age group and education level. The results indicate that the WH risk is higher in men, aged above 50 years old and with a low level of education (p < 0.001). 74% of the participants are in the "Low", 21% in the "Moderate" and 5% in the "High" risk ranges. High-risk workers are also those with diabetes mellitus, altered triglyceride or glycemia levels, hypertension, poor oral hygiene and periodontal conditions, tobacco use, low levels of physical activity (all with p < 0.05), or alcohol abuse.
Originality/Value: The WHRI’s major contribution is to make available a useful tool for the identification of WH risk, helping to define clearer health promotion, prevention and intervention policies in the context of WH.
Downloads
References
Almeida, G. E. S. De. (2000). Significados e limites das estratégias de integração disciplinar : uma reflexão sobre as contribuições da saúde do trabalhador [Meanings and limits concerned to the strategies of disciplinary integration : a reflection about the contributions from the work]. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 335–347.
Aust, B., & Ducki, A. (2004). Comprehensive health promotion interventions at the workplace: experiences with health circles in Germany. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(3), 258–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.9.3.258
Bini, C., & Bech, J. (2014). PHEs, Environment and Human Health. Potentially harmful elements in the environment and the impact on human health. Springer.
Bloom, D. E., Cafiero, E. T., Jané-Llopis, E., Abrahams-Gessel, S., Bloom, L. R., Fathima, S., Feigl, A. B., Gaziano, T., Mowafi, M., Pandya, A., Prettner, K., Rosenberg, L., Seligman, B., Stein, A. Z., & Weinstein, C. (2011). The Global Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases. Geneva: World Economic Forum (Issue September). http://mi.umsa.edu.ar/miumsa/downloads/materiales/gutman.3739/Cuadernillo_2015_-_Practica_de_la_Traduccion_Oral_I.pdf%5Cnhttp://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Harvard_HE_GlobalEconomicBurdenNonCommunicableDiseases_2011.pdf
Braga, S., Braga, D., & Soares, S. (2009). Diabetes mellitus e periodontite-um caso de saúde oral [Diabetes mellitus and periodontitis - an oral health case]. Revista Portuguesa de Estomatologia, Medicina Dentaria e Cirurgia Maxilofacial, 50(2), 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1646-2890(09)70111-6
Brilhantes, O. M., & Caldas, L. Q. de A. (1999). Gestão e avaliação de risco em saúde ambiental [Environmental health risk management and assessment]. Editora FIOCRUZ.
Castiel, L. D., Guilam, M. C. R., & Ferreira, M. S. (2010). Correndo o risco: uma introdução aos riscos em saúde [Taking the risk: an introduction to health risks]. Editora FIOCRUZ.
Commission on Social Determinants of Health. (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43943/9789241563703_eng.pdf;jsessionid=A41734C2C69796C98EA28D15E63331DF?sequence=1
Committee on Health and Behavior: Research, Practice and Policy, B. on N. and B. H. (2001). Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. National Academy Press. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9838.html%0D
Department of Health. (2005). Supporting People with Long Term Conditions. An NHS and Social Care Model to support local innovation and integration. Long Term Conditions Team Primary Care/Department of Health. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130105013243/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4122574.pdf
Dhingra, R., & Vasan, R. S. (2012). Age as a risk factor. The Medical Clinics of North America, 96(1), 87–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2011.11.003
Dinis, M. A. P. (2016). Environment and Human Health. Journal of Environment Pollution and Human Health, 4(2), 52–59. https://doi.org/10.12691/jephh-4-2-3
Dinis, M. A. P., Sousa, H. F. P., Moura, A. de, Viterbo, L. M. F., & Pinto, R. J. (2019). Health Behaviors as a Mediator of the Association Between Interpersonal Relationships and Physical Health in a Workplace Context. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2392. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132392
Dyllick, T., & Muff, K. (2015). Clarifying the Meaning of Sustainable Business. Organization & Environment, 29(2), 156–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026615575176
Elkington, J. (1999). Triple bottom line revolution: reporting for the third millennium. Australian CPA, 69, 75–77.
Eurofound. (2015a). Developments in working life in Europe. EurWORK annual review 2014.
Eurofound. (2015b). Health and well-being at work - Q2 2014. European Observatory for Working Life.
Eurofound and EU-OHSA. (2014). Psychosocial risks in Europe: Prevalence and strategies for prevention. Publications Office of the European Union.
European Comission. (2010). Communication from the Commission: Europe 2020. A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. COM(2010) 2020 final.
European Comission. (2014). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Taking stock of the Europe 2020 strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. Brussels, 19.3.20. European Environment Agency. http://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2014/EN/1-2014-130-EN-F2-1.Pdf
EY. (2017). Performance Optimization in health care. How a customized approach can improve quality of care, curb inefficiencies and cut costs. EYGM Limited. https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-performance-optimization-in-health-care/%24FILE/ey-performance-optimization-in-health-care.pdf
Farhud, D. D. (2015). Impact of Lifestyle on Health. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 44(11), 1442–1444. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26744700
Finch, S. R. (2003). Mathematical constants. Cambridge university press.
Forouzanfar, M. H., Afshin, A., Alexander, L. T., Anderson, H. R., Bhutta, Z. A., Biryukov, S., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Cercy, K., Charlson, F. J., Cohen, A. J., Dandona, L., Estep, K., Ferrari, A. J., Frostad, J. J., Fullman, N., Gething, P. W., Godwin, W. W., Griswold, M., … Murray, C. J. L. (2016). Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet, 388(10053), 1659–1724. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31679-8
Gibson, R. B. (2006). Sustainability assessment: basic components of a practical approach. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 24(3), 170–182. https://doi.org/10.3152/147154606781765147
Graham, H., & White, P. C. L. (2016). Social determinants and lifestyles : integrating environmental and public health perspectives. Public Health, 141, 270–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.09.019
Guerra, J., & Brito Lourenço, L. (2018). The 2030 Agenda: trends of transition toward sustainability. Changing Societies: Legacies and Challenges. The Diverse Worlds of Sustainability, 55–87. https://doi.org/10.31447/ics9789726715054.02
Hahn, R. A., & Truman, B. I. (2015). Education Improves Public Health and Promotes Health Equity. International Journal of Health Services : Planning, Administration, Evaluation, 45(4), 657–678. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020731415585986
Hair, J. F. J., Babin, B., Money, A. H., & Samouel, P. (2003). Essential of business research methods. John Wiley & Sons.
Hendriksen, I. J., Snoijer, M., de Kok, B. P., van Vilsteren, J., & Hofstetter, H. (2016). Effectiveness of a Multilevel Workplace Health Promotion Program on Vitality, Health, and Work-Related Outcomes. J Occup Environ Med, 58(6), 575–583. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000747
Ian, S., Walter, W., Chris, F., & Matt, L. (2010). Sustainable development management systems in global business organizations. Management Research Review, 33(11), 1083–1096. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171011085912
IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2019). Indicadores Brasileiros para os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. https://indicadoresods.ibge.gov.br/
International Labour Organization. (2019). Relevant SDG Targets related to Future of Work. Future of Work. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/dw4sd/themes/fow/WCMS_558565/lang--en/index.htm
International Social Security Association. (2019). Why Vision Zero? Vision Zero. visionzero.global/why-vision-zero%0D
Johnston, R. B. (2019). Poor Education Predicts Poor Health — A Challenge Unmet by American Medicine. NAM Perspectives. Commentary. https://doi.org/https://doi. org/10.31478/201904a
Jousilahti, P., Vartiainen, E., Tuomilehto, J., & Puska, P. (1999). Sex, Age, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Coronary Heart Disease. Circulation, 99(9), 1165–1172. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.9.1165
Kelly, M. P., Morgan, A., Bonnefoy, J., Butt, J., Bergman, V., Mackenbach, W. J., Exworthy, M., Popay, J., Tugwell, P., Robinson, V., Simpson, S., Narayan, T., Myer, L., Houweling, T., Jadue, L., & Florenzano, F. (2007). The social determinants of health:Developing an evidence base for political action. Final Report to World Health Organization Commission on the Social Determinants of Health (Issue October). https://www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/mekn_report_10oct07.pdf
Kompier, M. A. J. Kristensen, T. S. (2001). Organizational work stress interventions in a theoretical, methodological and practical context. In Stress in the workplace: Past, present and future (pp. 164–190). Whurr.
Kulkarni, G. K. (2017). Occupational Health Index: Assessing Occupational Health Performance. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 21(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoem.IJOEM_75_17
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
LaPointe, J. (2018). Optimizing Healthcare Workforce Management for High-Value Care. Revcycle Intelligence Xtelligent Healthcare Media. https://revcycleintelligence.com/features/optimizing-healthcare-workforce-management-for-high-value-care
Leadership Council of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network. (2015). Indicators and a Monitoring Framework Sustainable Development Goals Launching a data revolution for the SDGs. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep15877
Leite, H., & Dourado, J. (2012). Potential Risk: A New Approach. In M. V. T. N. E.-J. Maddock (Ed.), Public health–methodology, environmental and systems issues (pp. 1–26). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/36391
Leutz, W. N. (1999). Five laws for integrating medical and social services: lessons from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Milbank Quarterly, 77(1), 77–110, iv–v.
Llambés, F., Arias-Herrera, S., & Caffesse, R. (2015). Relationship between diabetes and periodontal infection. World Journal of Diabetes, 6(7), 927–935. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i7.927
Malta, D. C., Felisbino-Mendes, M. S., Machado, Í. E., Passos, V. M. de A., Abreu, D. M. X. de, Ishitani, L. H., Velásquez-Meléndez, G., Carneiro, M., Mooney, M., & Naghavi, M. (2017). Fatores de risco relacionados à carga global de doença do Brasil e Unidades Federadas [Risk factors related to the global disease burden in Brazil and Federated Units]. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 20(suppl 1), 217–232. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201700050018
Marimon, F., Alonso-Almeida, M. del M., Rodríguez, M. del P., & Cortez Alejandro, K. A. (2012). The worldwide diffusion of the global reporting initiative: what is the point? Journal of Cleaner Production, 33, 132–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.04.017
Maurer, M. S. (2003). Age: a nonmodifiable risk factor? Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 42(8), 1427 LP – 1428. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(03)01035-0
Mendes, E. V. (2012). O cuidado das condições crônicas na atenção primária à saúde: o imperativo da consolidação da estratégia da saúde da família [The care of chronic conditions in primary health care: the imperative of consolidating the family health strategy]. Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde.
Mendes, E. V. (2015). A Construção Social Da Atenção Primária À Saúde. http://www.saude.go.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/a-construcao-social-da-atencao-primaria-a-saude.pdf
Meng, L., Wolff, M. B., Mattick, K. A., Dejoy, D. M., Wilson, M. G., & Smith, M. L. (2017). Strategies for Worksite Health Interventions to Employees with Elevated Risk of Chronic Diseases. Safety and Health at Work, 8(2), 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2016.11.004
Morneau Shepell. (2019). Next-generation HRA: Total Health Index (THI) Assessment. Total Health Index (THI). https://www.morneaushepell.com/ca-en/total-health-index
Munisteri, I., & Taha, M. (2014). Job Satisfaction and Security in the Oil and Gas Industry: Through the Eyes of Professionals. Society of Petroleum Engineer, 10(02), 10–11. https://doi.org/10.2118/0214-010-TWA
Navarro, M. V. T. (2009). Avaliando o risco potencial [Assessing potential risk]. In Risco, radiodiagnóstico e vigilância sanitária. EDUFBA. https://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/bitstream/ufba/203/1/Risco radiodiagnostico e vigilancia sanitaria.pdf
Niccoli, T., & Partridge, L. (2012). Ageing as a Risk Factor for Disease. Current Biology, 22(17), R741–R752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.024
Nishijima, M., & Biasoto Junior, G. (2013). Analise da eficiência técnica em saúde entre 1999 e 2006 [Analysis of technical efficiency in health between 1999 and 2006]. Planejamento e Políticas Públicas - PPP, 40, 46–65. http://desafios2.ipea.gov.br/ppp/index.php/PPP/article/view/368
Oliveira, G. M., Vidal, D. G., & Ferraz, M. P. (2020). Urban Lifestyles and Consumption Patterns. In W. L. Filho, A. M. Azul, L. Brandli, P. G. Özuyar, & T. Wall (Eds.), Sustainable Cities and Communities. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 851–860). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71061-7_54-1
Oliveira, G. M., Vidal, D. G., Viterbo, L. M. F., & Maia, R. L. (2020). Measuring the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals at a Local Level: the WeGIx Index. In W. Leal Filho, U. Tortato, & F. Frankenberger (Eds.), Universities and Sustainable Communities: meeting the goals of the Agenda 2030. World Sustainability Series (pp. 215–245). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30306-8_13
Organization, W. H. (2009). Global health risks. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Global.
Pan American Health Organization. (2012). Improving Chronic Illness Care through Integrated Health Service Delivery Networks.
Porter, M., & Kellogg, M. (2008). Kaiser Permanente: an integrated health care experience. Revista de Innovación Sanitaria y Atención Integrada(RISAI), 1(1), 1–8. http://pub.bsalut.net/risai/vol/iss1/5
Rasmussen, B., Sweeny, K., & Sheehan, P. (2015). Economic Costs of Absenteeism , Presenteeism and Early Retirement Due to Ill Health : A Focus on Brazil. In Victoria Institute of Strategic Economic Studies (Issue November). https://www.brazilcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Econ.-Cost-of-Absenteeism-Presenteeism-and-Early-Retirement-due-to-ill-health-Brazil.pdf
Regitz-zagrosek, V. (2012). Sex and gender differences in health. EMBO Reports, 13(7), 596–603. https://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2012.87
Ruiz Bolívar, C. (2002). Confiabilidad. http://200.11.208.195/blogRedDocente/alexisduran/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/CONFIABILIDAD.pdf
Salgado, L. H. (2003). Agências regulatórias na experiência brasileira: um panorama do atual desenho institucional [Regulatory agencies in the Brazilian experience: an overview of the current institutional design]. In Texto para discussão No 941. http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4491&Itemid=2
Schilling, C. M., Reis, A. T., & Moraes, J. C. (2006). A política regulação do Brasil [Brazil's regulatory policy]. OPAS.
Sheate, W. R., Dagg, S., Richardson, J., Aschemann, R., Palerm, J., & Steen, U. (2003). Integrating the environment into strategic decision-making: conceptualizing policy SEA. European Environment, 13(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.305
Task Force on Community Preventive Services. (2010). Recommendations for Worksite-Based Interventions to Improve Workers’ Health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38(2, Supplement), S232–S236. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.033
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2019). Total Worker Health (H. L. Hudson, J. A. S. Nigam, S. L. Sauter, L. C. Chosewood, A. L. Schill, & J. Howard (eds.)). American Psychological Association.
Ulleberg, P., & Rundmo, T. (1997). Job stress, social support, job satisfaction and absenteeism among offshore oil personnel. Work and Stress, 11(3), 215–228. https://doi.org/Doi 10.1080/02678379708256836
United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015, A/RES/70/1. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_70_1_E.pdf
United Nations General Assembly. (2018). Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for the Sustainable Development. In United Nations (Ed.), Official Document System of the United Nations: United Nations (p. 21).
Verra, S. E., Benzerga, A., Jiao, B., & Ruggeri, K. (2019). Health Promotion at Work : A Comparison of Policy and Practice Across Europe. Safety and Health at Work, 10(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2018.07.003
Vidal, D. G., Barreira, E., Oliveira, G. M., Pontes, M., Maia, R. L., Ferraz, M. P., Cabeda, J. M., & Calheiros, J. M. (2019). Assessment of Health and Well-being of Portuguese Population by Environmental and Socioeconomic Determinants. Proceedings of the International Congress of Health and Well-Being Intervention - ICHWBI2019.
Vidal, D. G., Pontes, M., Barreira, E., Oliveira, G. M., & Maia, R. L. (2018). Differential Mortality and Inequalities in Health Services Access in Mainland Portugal. Finisterra - Revista Portuguesa de Geografia, 53(109), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.18055/Finis14118
Vilarins, G. C. M., Shimizu, H. E., & Gutierrez, M. M. U. (2012). A regulação em saúde: aspectos conceituais e operacionais [Health regulation: conceptual and operational aspects]. Saúde Em Debate, 36(95), 640–647. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-11042012000400016
Viterbo, L. M. F., Costa, A. S., & Dinis, M. A. P. (2018). Interdisciplinarity: an articulating movement in the field of worker’s health. In L. M. Viniegra, S. M. Chávez, & E. M. Rodrigo (Eds.), La comunicación ante el ciudadano (pp. 323–334). Editorial GEDISA.
Viterbo, L. M. F., Dinis, M. A. P., Costa, A. S., & Vidal, D. G. (2019). Development and Validation of an Interdisciplinary Worker’s Health Approach Instrument (IWHAI). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152803
Viterbo, L. M. F., Dinis, M. A. P., Vidal, D. G., & Costa, A. S. (2019). Implementation of an Interdisciplinary Approach to Promote Workers Global Health Status in the Oil Industry, Brazil (2006–2015). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, Vol. 16, Page 2148, 16(12), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH16122148
World Health Organisation. (2016). Health workforce requirements for universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals. In Human Resources for Health Observer Series (Issue 17). World Health Organization (WHO). https://doi.org/ISBN 978 92 4 151140 7
World Health Organization. (2010). Healthy workplaces: a model for action: for employers, workers, policymakers and practitioners. In 2019. https://www.who.int/occupational_health/publications/healthy_workplaces_model_action.pdf
World Health Organization. (2016). Promoting a Healthy Lifestyle at the Workplace BTC – Be the Change. http://www.searo.who.int/entity/healthpromotion/guide-be-the-change_combined-clean-nhd-mb.pdf?ua=1
World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf
Yarahmadi, R., Moridi, P., & Roumiani, Y. (2016). Health , safety and environmental risk management in laboratory fields. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran (MJIRI), 30(343), 1–9.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Revista de Administração da UFSM
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This journal remains the copyright holders of articles published. In order to be published, authors must sign the Copyrights Letter, which is sent to the authors by e-mail, thus granting rights, including on translation, to ReA/UFSM. The journal grants third parties the right to use, reproduce, and share the article according to the Creative Commons license agreement (CC-BY 4.0), as stated in the article’s PDF documents.
