Temperature control system with incandescent lamp and sensor: design and implementation in Arduino IDE and Python
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5902/2965694X95903Keywords:
Temperature control, PI controller, Arduino, System identification, FOPDT modelAbstract
This work presents the design and implementation of a temperature control system using an 12V incandescent lamp used as a thermal actuator as a heating actuator and an LM35 sensor for feedback, connected to an Arduino Uno microcontroller. The thermal plant was identified through a step response test, and the parameters of a first-order model with dead time (FOPDT) — static gain K, dead time θ, and time constant τ — were estimated using the Ziegler–Nichols reaction curve method. Based on the identified model, six PI tuning methods were evaluated: CHR (with and without overshoot), Cohen–Coon, 3C, IAE, and ITAE. Comparative simulations were performed, followed by experimental validation of the three best-performing methods. In the simulations, the Cohen–Coon and 3C methods presented more detrimental responses, with greater overshoot and saturation of the control signal, while the CHR and IAE tunings exhibited more stable behavior. In the experimental validation, the IAE method presented the best compromise between speed, PWM signal advances, and stability, proving to be the most suitable for continuous operation of the didactic plant.
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Copyright (c) 2026 João Vitor Hoffmann Spode, Nicolas Araujo Paladino do Campo, André Francisco Caldeira, Mathias Verdum de Almeida, Arthur Sandri Lunkes, Charles Rech, Simone Ferigolo Venturini, Cristiano Frandalozo Maidana
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