Variação na carga de treinamento de força: Ainda há muito para se explicar
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5902/2316546440978Palavras-chave:
Treinamento de Resistência, Força Muscular, Adaptação BiológicaResumo
Estudos demonstraram que as variações periódicas na carga de treinamento de força são mais eficientes para promover força muscular em comparação a treinamentos que não variam a carga ao longo do tempo. Essa variação ocorre pela manipulação das variáveis de um programa de treinamento, como a intensidade, volume, velocidade das ações musculares e ordem dos exercícios. Embora as evidências apontem a superioridade do treinamento variado, não está claro como os processos que influenciam a produção de força são afetados quando o treinamento é realizado com variação de carga. Conhecer os mecanismos desencadeados pela variação da carga ao longo do tempo pode levar a treinamentos mais específicos aos objetivos desejados. Assim, objetivamos discutir os mecanismos centrais e periféricos que influenciam o processo de produção de força e gerar insights para novas investigações que visem comparar o desenvolvimento da força entre os variados e não variados programas de treinamento de força.
Downloads
Referências
AAGAARD, P. et al. A mechanism for increased contractile strength of human pennate muscle in response to strength training: changes in muscle architecture. The Journal of Physiology, v. 15, n. 534, p. 613-623. 2001.
ACSM. AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. American College of Sports Medicine, v. 41, n. 3, p. 687-708. 2009.
ANTONIO, J. Nonuniform response of skeletal muscle to heavy resistance training: can bodybuilders induce regional muscle hypertrophy? Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, v. 14, n. 1, p. 102-113. 2000.
BAKER, D.; WILSON, G.; CARLYON, R. Periodization: the effect on strength of manipulation volume and intensity. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, v. 8, n. 4, p. 235-242. 1994.
BARATTA, R. et al. Muscular coactivation: the role of the antagonist musculature in maintaining knee stability. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, v. 16, n.2, p. 113-122. 1988.
BLAZEVICH, A. J. et al. Influence of concentric and eccentric resistance training on architectural adaptation in human quadriceps muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology, v. 103, n. 5, p. 1565-1575. 2007.
BLAZEVICH, A. J. et al. Training-specific muscle architecture adaptation after 5-wk training in athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, v. 35, n. 12, p. 2013-2022. 2003.
BLOOMQUIST, K. et al. Effect of range of motion in heavy load squatting on muscle and tendon adaptations. European Journal of Applied Physiology, v. 113, n. 8, p. 2133-2142. 2013.
BUFORD, T.W. et al. A comparison of periodization models during nine weeks with equated volume and intensity for strength. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, v. 21, n. 4, p. 1245-1250. 2007.
CARROLL, T, J et al. The sites of neural adaptation induced by resistance training in humans. Journal of Physiology, v. 544.2, p. 641-652. 2002.
CHENEY, P. D. Role of cerebral cortex in voluntary movements. A review. Physical Therapy, v. 65, p. 624–635. 1985.
CORMIE, P.; MCGUIGAN, M.R.; NEWTON, R.U. Developing maximal neuromuscular power: Part 1 biological basis of maximal power production. Sports Medicine, v. 41, n.1, p. 17-38. 2011.
CUNANAN, A. J. et al. The General adaptation syndrome: A foundation for the concept of periodization. Sports Medicine, v. 48, n. 4, p. 787-797. 2018.
DeFREITAS, J. M et al. Synchronization of low- and high-threshold motor units, Muscle Nerve, v. 49, p.575-583. 2014.
DUTTA, A et al., Recurrence quantification analysis of surface electromyogram supports alterations in motor unit recruitment strategies by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, v. 33, n. 5, p. 663-669. 2015.
EARP, J. E. et al. Inhomogeneous Quadriceps Femoris Hypertrophy in Response to Strength and Power Training. Medicine and Science in Sports And Exercise, v, 47, n. 11, p. 2389-2397. 2015.
EBBEN, W.P. et al. The effect of high-load vs. high-repetition training on endurance performance. Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, v.18, n. 3, p. 513–517. 2004.
EMA, R. et al. Training-induced changes in architecture of human skeletal muscles: Current evidence and unresolved issues. Journal of Physical Fitness Sports Medicine. v. 5, n. 1, p. 37-46. 2016.
FARUP, J. et al. Muscle morphological and strength adaptations to endurance vs. resistance training. Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, v. 26, n. 2, p. 398-407. 2012.
FLECK, S. J. Periodized strength training: A critical review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, v.13, n.1, p. 82–89. 1999.
FLING, B, F.; CHRISTIE, A.; KAMEN, G. Motor unit synchronization in FDI and biceps brachii muscles of strength-trained males. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, v. 19, p. 800-809. 2009.
FONSECA, R. M. et al. Changes in exercises are more effective than in loading schemes to improve muscle strength. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, v. 28, n. 11, p. 3085-3092. 2014.
FOSTER, C. Monitoring training in athletes with reference to overtraining syndrome. American College of Sports Medicine, v. 30, n. 7, p. 1164-1168. 1998.
FRANCHI M. V. et al. Regional regulation of focal adhesion kinase after concentric and eccentric loading is related to remodelling of human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiologica, e13056. 2018. No prelo.
GRGIC, B. et al. Should resistance training programs aimedat muscular hypertrophy be periodized?A systematic review of periodized versusnon-periodized approaches. Science and Sports, v. 7. 2017.
HARRIES, S.K.; LUBANS, D. R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of linear and undulating periodized resistance training programs on muscular strength. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, v. 29, n. 4, p. 1113-1125. 2015.
HARRIES, S.K.; LUBANS, D. R.;, CALLISTER, R. Comparison of resistance training progression models on maximal strength in sub-elite adolescent rugby union players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, v. 19, n. 2, p. 163-169. 2016.
HOFFMAN, J. R. et al. Comparison between different off-season resistance training programs in Division III American college football players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, v. 23, n. 1, p. 11-19. 2009.
JENSEN, J, L.; MASTRAND, P. C. D.; NIELSEN, J. B. Motor skill training and strength training are associated with different plastic changes in the central nervous system. Article in Journal of Applied Physiology, v. 99, n. 4, p. 1558-1568. 2005.
KAWAKAMI, Y. et al. Muscle-fiber pennation angles are greater in hypertrophied than in normal muscles. Journal of Applied. Physiology, v. 76, n. 6, p. 2740-2744. 1993.
KIDGEL, D. J.; PEARCE, A. J. Corticospinal properties following short-term strength training of an intrinsic hand muscle. Human Movement Science, v. 29, p. 631-641. 2010.
KOLB, B.; WHISHAW, I. Q. Fundamentals Of Human Neuropsychology. 6. ed. New York: Worth Publishers. 2009.
KRAEMER, W. J. et al. Physiological Changes with Periodized Resistance Training in Women Tennis Players. American College of Sports Medicine, v.35, n.1, p.1577-168. 2003.
LATELLA, C. et al. Effects of acute resistance training modality on corticospinal excitability, intra-cortical and neuromuscular responses. European Journal of Applied Physiology, v. 117, n. 11, p. 2211-2224. 2017.
LIEBER, R. Skeletal muscle structure, function and plasticity: the physiological basis of rehabilitation. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2010.
MAFFIULETTI, N. A. et al. Rate of force development: physiological and methodological considerations. European Journal of Applied Physiology, v. 116, n. 6, p. 1091-1116. 2016.
MASON, J et al. Adaptations in corticospinal excitability and inhibition are not spatially confined to the agonist muscle following strength training. European Journal of Applied Physiology, v. 117, n. 7, p. 1359-1371. 2017.
MATTA, T. T. et al. Selective hypertrophy of the quadriceps musculature after 14 weeks of isokinetic and conventional resistance training. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, v. 37, n. 2, p. 137- 142. 2017.
MEEUSEN, R. et al. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine, v, 45, n. 1, p. 186-205. 2013.
MONTEIRO, A. G. et al. Nonlinear periodization maximizes strength gains in split resistance training routines. Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, v. 23, n. 4, p. 1321-1326. 2009.
NUZZO, J. L et al. Acute strength training increases responses to stimulation of corticospinal axons. Medicine Science Sports Exercise, v.48, n. 1, p. 139-150. 2016.
OSTERING, L. R. et al. EMG patterns accompanying isokinetic exercise under varying speed and sequencing conditions. American Journal of Physical Medicine, v.63, p. 289-297. 1984.
POLIQUIM, C. FOOTBALL: Five steps to increasing the effectiveness of your strength training program. Strength & Conditioning Journal, v. 10, n. 3, p. 34-39. 1988.
PYKA, G. et al. Muscle strength and fiber adaptations to a year-long resistance training program in elderly men and women. Journal of Gerontology, v. 49, n. 1, p. 22-27. 1994.
RHEA, M. et al. A comparison of linear and daily undulating periodized programs with equated volume and intensity for strength. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, v. 16, n. 2, p. 250-255. 2002.
RHEA, M. R.; ALDERMAN, B. A meta-analysis of periodized versus nonperiodized strength and power training programs. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, v. 75, n. 4, p. 413-422. 2004.
ROLAND, P. E. et al. Supplementary motor area and other cortical areas in organization of voluntary movements in man. Journal of Neurophysiology, v.43, n. 1, p. 118-136. 1980.
ROSSINI, P. M et al., Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, v. 91, p. 79-92. 1994.
SELYE, H. Stress and the general adaptation syndrome. British Medical Association, v.17, n.4667, p. 1383-1392. 1950.
SEMMLER, J. G et al. Motor unit synchronization is enhanced during slow lengthening contractions of a hand muscle. Journal of Physiology, v. 545, n. 2, p. 681–695. 2002.
SONG, S. S. et al., Practice structure improves unconscious transitional memories by increasing synchrony in a premotor network, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, v. 27, n. 8, p. 1503-1512. 2015.
SOUZA E. O. et al. Early adaptations to six weeks of non-periodized and periodized strength training regimens in recreational males. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, v. 13, n.1, p. 604-609. 2014.
STARON R. et al. Muscle hypertrophy and fast fiber type conversions in heavy resistance-trained women. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, v. 60, n. 1, p. 71-79. 1990.
ULLRICH, B. et al. Neuromuscular Responses to 14 Weeks of Traditional and Daily Undulating Resistance Training. International Journal of Sports Medicine, v. 36, n. 7, p. 554-562. 2015.
VOLLMANN, H. et al. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over supplementary motor area (SMA) but not pre-SMA promotes short-term visuomotor learning. Brain Stimulation, v. 6, n. 2, p. 101- 107. 2013.
WELLS, A. et al. Vastus lateralis exhibits non-homogenous adaptation to resistance training. Muscle Nerve, v. 50, n. 5, p. 785-793. 2014.
WILLIAMS, T.D. et al. Comparison of periodized and non-periodized resistance training on maximal strength: a meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, v.47, n.10, p. 2083-2100. 2017.
YUAN, Y. et al. FoxO1 regulates muscle fiber-type specification and inhibits calcineurin signaling during C2C12 myoblast differentiation. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, v. 348, n. 1-2, p. 77-87. 2011.
ZOURDOS, M. C. et al. Modified daily undulating periodization model produces greater performance than a traditional configuration in powerlifters. Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, v. 30, n.3 784–79. 2016.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Os artigos deverão ser enviados em formato digital da plataforma SEER, através do endereço eletrônico: http://periodicos.ufsm.br/kinesis/index. Em caso de dúvida, entrar em contato com a equipe editorial através do e-mail kinesisrevista@ufsm.br. A autoria que publicar na Revista Kinesis concorda com os seguintes termos:
- Mantêm os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação;
- Permitem e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado
- Em virtude de aparecerem nesta revista de acesso público, os artigos são de uso gratuito, com atribuições próprias, em aplicações educacionais e não-comerciais.
