Fire is considered an environmental disturbance, as it influences the structure of environments and the composition of certain ecosystems (Coutinho, 1990; Miranda, 2010). In environments where fire is characteristic, such as in savannas, it acts to maintain habitats and biodiversity, modifying the flora and fauna, the herbaceous and shrub stratum, and the relationships between animals and plants (Mcgranahan & Wonkka, 2021). Furthermore, this maintenance relies on the level of disturbance and the frequency of fire passage. As a result, diversity can increase, remain the same, or even decrease if the disturbance is sporadic or devastating (Sousa, 2009; Meacham & McNamee, 2023).

Fire, in Cerrado environments, besides acting as an ecosystem structurer, positively and negatively influences species composition (Frizzo et al., 2011). Positively, fire can lead to an increase in environmental heterogeneity, making the habitat more diverse and, consequently, allowing new species to colonize it (Tubelis & Cavalcanti, 2000). However, it can also act negatively, generating loss of species and individuals, due to the reduction in the availability of resources, causing the displacement of animals, for example, to other areas, as well as a possible competition for space and food (Townsend, Begon & Harper, 2008).

Among the animals that are affected by fire, birds respond to this disturbance in different ways, varying with the behavior of the species, its habitat, the season of the year, and also the fire regime (Sendoda, 2009). Some species’ populations benefit from the passage of fire, increasing their abundance (Braz, 2008). Nevertheless, other species can migrate to other areas to find more resources (Tubelis & Cavalcanti, 2000). The study of birds is important in analyses of post-fire changes in the Cerrado, since their high mobility allows understanding how community dynamics work in the face of a disturbance, especially if it is caused by human action, allowing the promotion of preservation and conservation practices in essential areas for birds.

Therefore, to understand how bird composition can change over time after the sporadic passage of fire, a survey was carried out in the Vegetation Reserve of the Clube Caça e Pesca Itororó in Uberlândia (CCPIU). This area of Cerrado was exposed to a large-scale arson fire in September 2021 (Barbosa, 2021). Thus, this work aimed to analyze the current richness and composition of post-fire avifauna, in the Cerrado and Vereda areas of the CCPIU Vegetation Reserve, and compare them with the study by Malacco and contributors (2013). Furthermore, the present study aimed to answer the following questions: did fire alter the composition, richness, and return of birdlife? Did the bird community fully recover one year after the fire? Therefore, it is expected that the richness and composition of species within the two sampling environments will be similar to that registered in the previous study.

2.1 Birdlife study and sampling area

The study was carried out in the Vegetation Reserve of the Clube Caça e Pesca Itororó in Uberlândia (CCPIU) (18°58’56.65”S and 48°17’45.62”W), located in the southern part of the municipality of Uberlândia, in the state of Minas Gerais. The club has a total area of 640 hectares, of which 127 hectares are considered a Vegetation Reserve (VR) (Bacci et al., 2016). Vegetation in the VR covers phytophysiognomies of the Cerrado domain, such as Cerrado sensu stricto (ss), campo sujo, campo limpo, Veredas, and small areas of forest (Appolinario & Schiavini, 2002). The region is characterized by a humid subtropical climate, with a hot rainy period, from October to March, and a dry and cold period, from April to September (Alvares et al., 2013).

Bird sampling was conducted from October 2021 (one month after the fire) to September 2022. For bird observation, two transects were established, one in the phytophysiognomy of Cerrado sensu stricto, where there is a main trail, and the other in the phytophysiognomy of Vereda which are on average 100 meters apart (Figure 1). In each sampling area, eight observation points were delimited, equidistant at 400 meters, the first being 200 meters from the road to avoid interference. At each point, observations were made for five minutes.

Figure 1 – Sampling points in the Vegetation Reserve of the Clube Caça e Pesca Itororó in Uberlândia, referring to the 23 collections, from October 2021 to September 2022

Source: Organized by authors (2024)

In the Cerrado, birds were recorded within a radius of up to 150 meters from the observer, in addition to those flying overhead. In the Vereda, the route was carried out in the campo sujo, from which observations were directed towards the Vereda, to register species that used the campo sujo, the edge of the Vereda, the Vereda, the buritizais and the edge of the forest, since on the route there were some overlaps of Vereda, forest, and swamp (Bacci et al., 2016). Sampling was carried out directionally towards the Vereda, and not within it, as the area in question was waterlogged and difficult to access. Therefore, no species were registered in the area of the Vereda, which were behind the observer, since it was phytophysiognomy of the Cerrado sensu stricto.

A total of 23 collections were made on the Cerrado trail and 23 on the Vereda trail. Sampling in each environment was carried out in the first and second fortnight of each month, respecting a minimum interval of seven days, maximum of 21 days between one sampling and another. Sampling was carried out only in the morning, starting at 6 a.m., lasting an average of 3 hours in each research area per day, totaling 142 hours in the field.

For each point, the species found, the phytophysiognomy in which they were observed, the type of registration - visual, overflight or sound (Vielliard et al., 2010), and the registration method - visual, recording or photographic - were noted. To assist in observation, binoculars (ELEPAWL® 10x42 (98–1000m), a camera (Nikon Coolpix® P520 – SuperZoom 42X (24–1000 mm)) and a cell phone as a voice recorder were used.

Bird identification was carried out with the help of: field guides, specialized bibliographies (Malacco et al., 2013; Fieker et al., 2014; Sigrist, 2015), identification platform such as WikiAves (www.wikiaves.com.br) and eBird (www.ebird.org). To identify the species, experts in ornithology were consulted and the citizen science application BirdNET (www.birdnet.cornell.edu) was used for identifying vocalizations. Species nomenclature followed the list by Pacheco and contributors (2021).

The registered birds were classified according to their feeding guilds, as per Wilman (2014) and Motta-Júnior (1990), as carnivores, granivores, insectivores, nectarivores, frugivores and omnivores.

2.2 Comparison of species lists

3.1 Species richness and composition

A total of 137 species (Table 1), distributed in 18 orders and 41 families, were registered. The most diverse order was Passeriformes with 76 species, followed by Apodiformes with 11 species, corresponding to 55.4 and 8% of all records, respectively.

Table 1 – List of species registered in the Vegetation Reserve of the Clube Caça e Pesca Itororó in Uberlândia, from October 2021 to September 2022, according to the taxonomic classification of Pacheco et al. (2021)

Source: Organized by the authors (2023)Legend: Feeding guilds = Wilman et al. (2014) and Motta-Júnior (1990); Registration location: Cer = Cerrado; Ver = Vereda; * = flight registration

In studies describing how fire influences the richness and composition of communities, two areas with similar vegetation structure are generally compared simultaneously, of which one was affected by fire and the other was not (Cavalcanti & Alves, 1997; Cintra & Sanaiotti, 2005; Braz, 2008; Sendoda, 2009; Woinarski & Legge, 2013). However, due to the severity and unpredictability of the fire that occurred in the Vegetation Reserve of the Clube Caça e Pesca, it was not possible to carry out this simultaneous comparison between the burned and unburned area, as the VR had several of its phytophysiognomies completely burned, with the exception of gallery forest areas. For this reason, data published by Malacco et al. (2013) were used for comparison. As the previous research was only carried out at times when the fire had not passed through the area, it was assumed that the data from this research demonstrate a stabilized community, despite this being work based on various collection methodologies.

Based on the current survey, we investigated how the fire affected the composition and richness of bird species in the Vegetation Reserve. After a year of sampling, it was found that the bird community had not yet stabilized, because, although the richness estimators showed a small percentage of the possibility of new records, when compared to the richness recorded in the previously sampled areas, more species were expected to be found.

In a study carried out by Braz (2008), in open areas of Cerrado, it was observed that the return of birds to recently burned areas showed a brief decrease in richness immediately after the fire, but after the first rains, the birdlife returned, stabilizing until the end of 20 months of sampling. Therefore, as in the aforementioned study, it is possible that the community sampled in the current survey takes longer to stabilize. Furthermore, the severity of the fire may have contributed to the non-stabilization of bird richness over the months of sampling.

The richness sampled in each collection environment was similar, showing high similarity. This also occurred in the research of Bagno and Marinho-Filho (2001). The authors found a similarity of 71% between the Cerrado and the Vereda. They explained that these areas allow the presence of forest, grassland, and aquatic birds, in the case of Veredas, as it is a transitional zone between forests and fields.

This work also showed that more species could be registered, mainly in the Vereda, due to the connection with areas of gallery forests, marshes, and streams, which would allow for a greater richness of species (Bagno & Marinho-Filho, 2001). However, the richness in the Vereda was lower in the rainy season, probably due to the fire occurring shortly before the start of this season. According to Woinarski and Legge (2013), the passage of fire at the beginning of the rainy season could reduce species richness, as most Cerrado birds concentrate their reproduction during this period (Sick, 1997). October may also have had its richness reduced by the fire to the point of resembling the last month of drought, which is September. The similarity of 52% between these months in the Cerrado and 54% in the Vereda highlights the change in species composition over the months of sampling.

Changes in composition over the months were observed through the movement of species between areas and the high number of species not registered after the fire compared to the study by Mallaco and contributors (2013). Humid areas, of Veredas and forests, for example, possibly became a refuge for birds of open areas, from where they moved to these areas in search for resources, after the fire (Cavalcanti, 1992; Bagno & Marinho-Filho, 2001; Robinson et al., 2013). Therefore, the hypothesis of this work was not corroborated, as the richness was not reestablished one year after the fire, and the composition showed differences due to non-registration of some species and the registration of new species, in relation to the previous study.

This displacement was observed based on registries of vocalizations of the tinamidae Crypturellus parvirostris and Rhynchotus rufescens and rallidae Mustelirallus albicollis and Pardirallus nigricans, in forest edge and interior areas, as in the previous survey they had been registered in open areas of Cerrado and Vereda. Furthermore, Reis (2015) reported that the abundance of the species R. rufescens in the Cerrado increased over ten months after the fire, but in the current survey, the species was recorded only once in the Vereda, ten months after the fire.

As the sampling area is close to the river Uberabinha and a lake that is inside the Club, during the fire, water birds, such as Ardea alba and Cairina moschata may have moved and taken refuge in these adjacent areas, not being directly affected by the fire, since they were seen flying over and in the area of the Vereda, in the case of C. moschata (Arantes & Melo, 2011; Mcgranahan & Wonkka, 2021). They could also have traveled in search for places with greater availability of resources, as in the case of A. alba (Sick, 1997).

Forest birds may also have moved to recently burned areas in search for food (Cavalcanti, 1992). In this work, the species Galbula ruficauda, Herpsilochmus longirostris, Myiothlypis leucophrys, and Myiothlypis flaveola, which are forestry, were registered both on the edges of forests, edges of Vereda and in the Cerrado, as in the case of M. flaveola. According to Cavalcanti (1992), bird species can use recently burned areas opportunistically, especially insectivorous ones. After a fire event, birds explore the exposed soil in search for insects that were previously buried (Lopes & Vasconcelos, 2011). Moreover, after the first rains, herbivorous insects take advantage of the regrowth to feed themselves and reproduce, becoming an abundant food resource for insectivorous and omnivorous birds (Cintra & Sanaiotti, 2005).

In the Vereda, species that had not been registered by Malacco et al. (2013) or that were also registered by the authors, but in other areas of the club, such as Chrysuronia versicolor, Heliomaster furcifer, Cyanoloxia brissonii, Pyrocephalus rubinus were observed. This possibly occurred due to the presence of greater availability of resources in the dry season in the Vereda, time when such species were registered.

Birds of prey, such as Falco femoralis and Geranoaetus albicaudatus seek recently burned areas in search for food resources (Reis, 2015). G. albicaudatus, for example, was registered only once, shortly after the fire. The other raptor species registered in this study maintained their presence in the observation areas throughout the research.

The presence of raptors shortly after a fire event has also been observed by other authors, such as Woinarski (1990), Reis (2015), McGranahan, and Wonkka (2021). These birds are seen hunting animals that flee fire, or even carcasses. However, of the 19 raptor species registered by Malacco et al. (2013) only nine were registered in the current survey, considering the species Coragyps atratus. One of the missing species was Urubinga coronata, a bird of prey that is rare in the region and which is threatened with extinction due to habitat loss (ICMBIO, 2018).

In the survey by Malacco et al. (2013). nine nocturnal species were registered, two of which were seen in the current survey, Nyctidromus albicollis and Hydropsalis torquata. Although this study did not include nocturnal sampling, these species were registered because they have a crepuscular habit, being active until moments before dawn (Kilpp & Prestes, 2013). In addition, a new species for the area was registered, Hydropsalis maculicaudus, minutes before sunrise, and only in the first sampling in the marsh areas of the Vereda, possibly looking for insects close to the ground.

The endemic species of the Cerrado biome, Melanopareia torquata, Saltatricula atricollis, and other residents of the reserve, such as Cypsnagra hirundinacea, Neothraupis fasciata, Schistochlamys melanopis, Sporophila collaris, were not registered in the current survey (Lima-Silva, 2009; Almeida, 2009; Arantes & Melo, 2011; Malacco et al., 2013).

The species S. collaris was not seen, possibly because it is a migratory species, which was generally seen in the dry season, and which has a habitat requirement related to some grass species (Lima-Silva, 2009; Malacco et al., 2013). Therefore, its registration would depend on the availability of resources in the dry season, which may not have been sufficient.

The species Saltatricula atricollis was commonly seen in the Cerrado and the Vereda by Almeida (2009) and Arantes and Melo (2011), presenting greater abundance in the rainy period, in December and January, when there were more food resources, and at the beginning of the dry period, due to high seed availability. However, the fire may have interfered with the quality of the habitat for this species, as well as for M. torquata, C. hirundinacea, N. fasciata and S. melanopis, which are generally found in open Cerrado areas and are highly sensitive to disturbances (Cavalcanti & Alves, 1997; Tubelis & Cavalcanti, 2000; Sendoda, 2009), with the exception of S. melanopis, which is registered in veredas and forests (Tubelis, 2009).

Besides the fire, the fact that 48 bird species were not registered can be attributed to the sampling time, as the previous study referred to a compilation of eleven years of sampling using several methodologies. Even though the birds may have taken refuge in adjacent areas, such as forests, currently the reserve is surrounded by monocultures, as well as a subdivision under construction; therefore, over the years, the reserve may become more isolated, enhancing a reduction of species diversity.

Another factor that may have contributed to the failure to register more species is that at the time the previous study was carried out, there was no highway present in the back of the reserve; instead, there was only a dirt road, thus the vegetation cover around the reserve was larger, which contributed to the diversity of species. The continuous use of parts of the reserve as cycling trails, and the proximity to the highway, may also have led to a possible disturbance and consequently scared birds away. However, further studies are required that prove a possible loss of species, due to the expansion of agriculture and construction, very close to the reserve.

More severe and infrequent fires, such as the one that occurred in the Vegetation Reserve, altered the bird community in such a way that the richness did not stabilize and the species composition changed, as there were unregistered bird species that did not resemble the registered ones of the previous study. Therefore, it is clear that the effects of fire on birdlife are severe and long-lasting, potentially altering the return of species, or even modifying richness and composition.

The authors would like to thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel Foundation (CAPES) and the Federal University of Uberlândia for supporting the development of this research. They also thank the members of the Ornithology and Bioacoustics Laboratory at the Federal University of Uberlândia for their help with field trips.

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Authorship contributions

1 – Maria Clara Martins Campanaro

Master’s degree in Ecology and Conservation of Natural Resources from the Federal University of Uberlândia

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8457-9552 • mccampanaro@hotmail.com

Contribution: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Software, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing

2 – Celine de Melo

PhD in Ecology from the University of Brasília

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6603-8314 • celinemelo@gmail.com

Contribution: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, SupervisionWriting - original draft, Writing - review & editing

How to quote this article

Campanaro, M. C. M., & Melo, C. (2026). Bird richness and composition post-fire in the Vegetation Reserve of the Clube Caça e Pesca Itororó in Uberlândia. Ciencia e Natura, 48, e89488. DOI: 10.5902/2179460X89488. Available in: https://doi.org/10.5902/2179460X89488