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Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
Ci. e Nat., Santa Maria, v. 47, e86974, 2025
DOI: 10.5902/2179460X68697
ISSN 2179-460X
Submitted: 06/03/2024 • Approved: 24/01/2025 • Published: 01/04/2025
Biology-Botany
Phenology of Butia catarinensis in the Southern Coastal Region of Santa Catarina, Brazil
Fenologia de Butia catarinensis no litoral sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil
Iara Zaccaron ZanoniI
Altamir Rocha AntunesI
Amanda Vieira Matiola I
Micael De BonaI
Júlia Gava SandriniI
Kristian MadeiraI
Guilherme Alves EliasI
Robson Dos SantosI
I Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brasi
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the phenology of Butia catarinensis in shrubby Restinga and under the understory of eucalyptus monoculture (Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus paniculata) along the southern coast of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Phenological data were collected monthly over a one-year period. Butia catarinensis exhibits an annual, asynchronous reproductive cycle, showing higher flowering and fruiting rates in spring and summer, with reduced reproductive activity during winter. Precipitation had minimal influence on its reproductive cycle; however, higher temperatures and increased solar radiation positively correlated with the development of green and ripe fruits year-round. The lack of significant differences between the two study environments indicated that the eucalyptus monoculture microclimate did not affect flowering and fruiting quantities of B. catarinensis, though it may have influenced phenophase timing, potentially accelerating, delaying, or extending these events.
Keywords: Atlantic forest; Non-timber forest products (NTFP); Phenological behavior; Restinga
RESUMO
Este estudo avaliou a fenologia de Butia catarinensis em Restinga Arbustiva e em sub-bosque de monocultura de eucalipto (Eucalyptus saligna e Eucalyptus paniculata), no litoral sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil. O levantamento fenológico ocorreu mensalmente durante 12 meses. Butia catarinensis possui ciclo reprodutivo anual e assincrônico, apresentando maiores índices de floração e frutificação na primavera e no verão e menores índices de estruturas reprodutivas durante o inverno. A precipitação pouco influenciou no ciclo reprodutivo, em contrapartida, maiores temperaturas e altos níveis de radiação solar influenciaram positivamente no desenvolvimento dos frutos verdes e dos frutos maduros ao longo do ano. A ausência de diferenças significativas nos resultados dos dois ambientes revelou que o microclima formado pela monocultura de eucalipto não influenciou na quantidade de floração e frutificação de B. catarinensis, mas pode ter influenciado no período de ocorrência e no pico das fenofases, acelerando, retardando ou prolongando esses eventos.
Palavras-chave: Floresta atlântica; PFNM; Comportamento fenológico; Restinga
At the beginning of the 20th century, timber extraction for commercialization, civil construction, and the clearing of areas for agriculture and livestock farming were some of the main causes of degradation in the Atlantic Forest (Coradin et al., 2011). In the Restinga (Sampaio et al., 2006), a coastal ecosystem associated with the Atlantic Forest biome, the situation was no different. This ecosystem extends for approximately 5,000 km along the Brazilian coast (Lacerda et al., 1993; Tonhasca, 2005; Coutinho, 2006; Almeida & Zickel, 2009) and plays a fundamental role in the dynamics of coastal environments, providing various ecosystem services, including habitat for numerous species, soil stability, filtering functions for continental waters, atmospheric carbon fixation, and acting as a barrier and mitigator in tidal dynamics (Worm et al., 2006; Barbier et al., 2011; Duarte et al., 2013). Despite this, the Restinga is extremely vulnerable to the effects of climate change (Bellard et al., 2012) and to forms of use and occupation that, historically, have influenced the occupation rates of this territory and, consequently, the structure and dynamics of this vegetation (Cohenca, 2016; Santos et al., 2017). Additionally, the expansion of Pinus, Eucalyptus, and pasture plantations over native Restinga areas is significant, as detected by Cohenca (2016) in a study on the influence of land use and cover changes in the coastal zone of southern Santa Catarina.
Furthermore, it is estimated that the southern and southeastern portions of the Atlantic Forest biome may experience an increase of approximately three degrees in temperature and 25% to 30% in precipitation by 2100 (RAN1, 2013). It is important to note that temperature and precipitation are directly involved in regulating the biological, chemical, and reproductive processes of plant species, influencing the development and distribution of plants (Beier, 2004; Alberton et al., 2014; Morellato et al., 2016). In line with this, studies reveal that tropical species have more restricted physiological tolerance limits due to the low annual climatic seasonality in these environments (Talora & Morellato, 2000). Therefore, these organisms may not be able to adapt to very intense changes, leading to a threat of extinction (Colwell et al., 2008; Collevatti et al., 2011; Lima et al., 2017; Silva, 2018).
In this context, Butia catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi (Arecaceae), a palm species endemic to the southern region of Brazil and naturally occurring in sandy and rocky soils, dunes, and coastal grasslands of the Restinga in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Elias et al., 2019), is listed as Endangered (EN) by the Official List of Threatened Flora Species in the State of Santa Catarina (Resolução n. 51, 2014; Elias et al., 2019). According to Kumagai and Hanazaki (2013a, 2013b), the species has significant ecological and socioeconomic importance for the southern region of Santa Catarina, where the local population utilizes products and by-products obtained through sustainable management of the species. However, studies on B. catarinensis are still incipient, especially regarding the reproductive biology of the species.
In a study carried out in four important electronic databases (SciVerse Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and SciELO), only 35 studies on the species were indexed, most of which dealt with biochemical and nutritional attributes, ethnobotanical aspects, and uses of the species (Kumagai & Hanazaki, 2013a, 2013b; Elias et al., 2015; Cruz et al., 2017; Hoffman et al., 2018; Cunha et al., 2020). Despite its importance, studies that address the distribution and dynamics of this species in the Restinga, its occurrence, as well as ecological and biological aspects, are still incipient, with only four works: Rosa et al. (1998) with a study on the reproductive biology of B. catarinensis (previously identified as Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc); Soares et al. (2014), and Elias et al. (2018, 2019) with studies on native palms in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. Research on reproductive and vegetative phenology is scarce and has been limited to species with greater economic significance (Henderson et al., 1995). Wild species, with little recognition in national and global markets, are often scientifically neglected (Moura et al., 2010).
Aiming to contribute to knowledge about B. catarinensis and to provide support for conservation initiatives, as well as potential sustainable exploitation in association with eucalyptus monoculture, this study seeks to characterize the phenological behavior of B. catarinensis in two distinct environments on the southern coast of Santa Catarina.
2.1 Study Area
The study was conducted in the municipalities of Içara and Balneário Rincão in southern Santa Catarina, Brazil (Figure 1). The study area is located at the border of the two municipalities and has two visibly distinct environments: a) shrubby Restinga (Resolução n. 261, 1999) in a medium stage of ecological succession (28°48’85’’S and 49°16’47’’W) in the municipality of Içara, which predominantly features native species (Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult., Vitex megapotamica (Spreng.) Moldenke, and Ilex theezans Mart. ex Reissek) and some invasive exotic individuals of Pinus elliottii Engelm. and Eucalyptus saligna Sm. sporadically distributed around the area (Figure 1); and b) shrubby Restinga associated with eucalyptus monoculture (E. saligna and Eucalyptus paniculata Sm.) (28°48’98’’S and 49°16’32’’W) in the municipality of Balneário Rincão, with an understory presenting characteristics of shrubby Restinga in the initial stage of ecological succession, and species such as B. catarinensis, Dodonaea viscosa Jacq., and Erythroxylum argentinum O.E.Schulz (Figure 2).
The climate of the region is classified, according to Köppen, as humid mesothermal, without a defined dry season and with hot summers (Cfa) (Alvares et al., 2013). During the evaluated period, the highest rainfall rates occurred between March and June of 2021, with a total accumulation of 595.8 mm, and June being the month with the highest volume of rain (271 mm). Conversely, the months of July and August 2021 recorded the lowest rainfall volumes, totaling 62.2 mm. In terms of temperatures, on average there was a variation from 9.0 ºC in July 2021 to 28.9 ºC in January 2021, and the highest solar radiation levels occurred in February (270.4 W/m²), while the lowest were in June 2021 (101.6 W/m²), as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 1 – Location of the study area, characterized by shrubby Restinga (intermediate stage of ecological succession) on the left and eucalyptus monoculture (Eucalyptus spp.) on the right, with undergrowth consisting of species characteristic of shrubby Restinga, in the municipalities of Balneário Rincão and Içara, southern Santa Catarina, Brazil
Source: Authors (2022)
Figure 2 – General view of the study area characterized by shrubby Restinga in an intermediate stage of succession (a), located in the municipality of Içara, and Restinga associated with eucalyptus monoculture (b), in the municipality of Balneário Rincão, southern Santa Catarina, Brazil
Source: Authors (2022)
Figure 3 – Climatic characterization of the municipality of Balneário Rincão, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Monthly precipitation accumulation (plotted area); monthly averages of maximum and minimum temperatures (lines), and monthly averages of solar radiation (columns) for the period from September 2020 to August 2021. Source: Epagri/Ciram/Inmet, Jaguaruna, Santa Catarina)
Source: Authors (2022)
2.2 Phenological Survey
For the study of phenophases, 130 individuals of B. catarinensis (≥ 80 cm) were selected, with 65 individuals present in the shrubby Restinga area and 65 individuals associated with eucalyptus monoculture (Eucalyptus spp.). All individuals were marked in the field with sequentially numbered tags, georeferenced, and monitored monthly over a period of 12 months. The method of Alencar and Anderson (1978), adapted to the number of observed phenophases, was adopted, observing the phenological state present in each cluster of palm individuals monthly. The phenophases were: 1) closed sheaths; 2) cluster with exposed buds; 3) cluster with open flowers; 4) cluster with fallen flowers; 5) cluster with green fruits; 6) cluster with ripe fruits; 7) cluster with fallen fruits; and 8) palm without reproductive structures.
The percentage of individuals in a particular phenophase was calculated monthly, using presence (1) and absence (0) data for the phenophase relative to the total number of individuals in the sample (N), multiplied by 100. The percentage of individuals in a particular phenophase, or Activity Index (IA), allows the assessment of synchrony among individuals of a population, as the greater the number of individuals exhibiting the same phenophase in the same time interval, the greater the synchrony of that population (Morellato et al., 1990; Bencke & Morellato, 2002).
The intensity of each reproductive phenophase was estimated according to the semi-quantitative method proposed by Fournier (1974), assigning a value of 0 for the absence of the phenophase and values from 1 to 4 in 25% intervals (1 = 1-25%; 2 = 26-50%; 3 = 51-75%; 4 = 76-100%) for the presence of the phenophase. Thus, a discrete variable was transformed into a quantitative variable, expressed as a percentage.
The Fournier Intensity Index (IIF) provided an estimate of the abundance of flowers and fruits produced in each study area (Bencke & Morellato, 2002). The Fournier intensity percentage was calculated monthly by summing the individual values of the intensity categories of all individuals in each phenophase, divided by the maximum possible value (total number of individuals multiplied by four), according to the formula (Fournier, 1974): IIF=[(Σ fournier).(4N)-1].100.
Meteorological data (averages of maximum and minimum temperatures, solar radiation, and precipitation accumulation) were obtained from Epagri, located in the municipality of Jaguaruna, southern Santa Catarina.
The degree of synchrony of the populations or Activity Index (IA) was obtained using the method suggested by Bencke and Morellato (2002), where, in each phenophase, the percentage of occurrence of the population was verified and categorized as follows: asynchronous population (< 20% occurrence), slightly synchronous (20% to 60% occurrence), and synchronous (> 60% occurrence).
Subsequently, in each environment, the percentage of occurrence and intensity of each phenophase was correlated with meteorological variables such as temperature (minimum and maximum), precipitation, and sunlight in the months corresponding to the study period.
2.3 Data analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The investigation of the distribution of variables in terms of normality was carried out using the Shapiro-Wilk test (Field, 2009). The comparison of the evaluated quantitative parameters between the natural area and the area associated with commercial eucalyptus planting was performed through the application of the Mann-Whitney U test (Vieira, 2018).
To investigate the existence of a correlation between climatic variables and the occurrence of the phenophase in each population, the Kendall’s τ coefficient was calculated (Field, 2009). For this evaluation, the following relationship was considered: null relation: τ = 0; weak relation: τ ≤ 0.3; regular relation: 0.3 <τ <0.6; strong relation: 0.6 <τ <0.9; very strong relation: 0.9 <τ <1.0; full relation τ = 1.0 (Callegari-Jacques, 2011). The inferential analysis was performed using a significance level of α = 0.05 (Andrade & Ogliari, 2007), version 21 (SPSS Inc.).
From the 65 individuals sampled in each population, 58 (89%) in the natural population and 45 (69%) in the population associated with eucalyptus monoculture exhibited at least one of the phenophases during the monitored period. The others did not present reproductive structures during the evaluated period.
In general terms, the flowering of B. catarinensis began with the emission of closed spathes and ended with clusters of fallen flowers. More than one phenophase occurring simultaneously in the same cluster was observed.
Throughout the monitoring of the reproductive phenophases of B. catarinensis, small fluctuations in activity and intensity indices between the two evaluated environments were noted. However, these fluctuations (differences) were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) (Table 1).
The emission of the phenophase “closed sheaths” occurred throughout the evaluation period for the population associated with eucalyptus monoculture, while for the natural Restinga environment, there were no records in February and March, when temperatures reached the highest values. In both populations, an increase in spathe emissions was noted at the end of winter and the beginning of spring (August to November), when temperatures were milder (between 13 °C and 25 °C).
The peak activity of closed sheath emission occurred in August for both populations, however, in the natural environment, the B. catarinensis population showed synchrony with 68% Activity Index (AI) while in the population associated with eucalyptus monoculture it showed less synchrony compared to the natural environment with 49% AI (Figure 4). The occurrence of this phenophase showed a negative correlation only in the natural population for the variable average maximum temperature. Although significant, it is considered a regular correlation (0.3 >τ <0.6) according to the parameters established by Callegari-Jacques (2011). The correlation between the occurrence of closed sheaths emission with this same variable in the population associated with eucalyptus monoculture was considered a weak negative correlation (τ= -0.233; p=0.299).
Table 1 – Comparison of variances, minimum and maximum values of activity and intensity indices between the Restinga population in an intermediate stage of succession (Natural) and the Restinga population associated with eucalyptus monoculture (Eucalyptus spp.), on the southern coast of Santa Catarina, Brazil using the Mann-Whitney U Test
|
Activity index Phenophases |
Area |
Value - p† |
|
|
Natural |
Eucalyptus |
||
|
Closed sheaths |
17,69(0,00-67,69) |
17,16(3,08-41,54) |
0,843 |
|
Cluster with exposed buds |
0,77 (0,00-9,23) |
0,77 (0,00-12,31) |
0,999 |
|
Cluster with open flowers |
0,77 (0,00-9,23) |
0,00 (0,00-10,77) |
0,932 |
|
Cluster with fallen flowers |
0,00 (0,00-6,15) |
0,00 (0,00-6,15) |
0,887 |
|
Cluster with green fruits |
6,15 (0,00-52,31) |
3,08 (0,00-38,46) |
0,590 |
|
Cluster with ripe fruits |
0,00 (0,00-9,23) |
0,00 (0,00-13,85) |
0,713 |
|
Cluster with fallen fruits |
0,77 (0,00-60,00) |
2,31 (0,00-46,15) |
0,671 |
|
Palm without reproductive structures |
32,56 (23,85-90,77) |
60,00 (47,69-95,38) |
0,101 |
|
Intensity index Phenophases |
Area |
Value - p† |
|
|
Natural |
Eucalyptus |
||
|
Closed sheaths |
14,04 (0,00-64,62) |
12,69 (1,92-45,77) |
0,755 |
|
Cluster with exposed buds |
0,19 (0,00-3,85) |
0,19 (0,00-5,77) |
0,977 |
|
Cluster with open flowers |
0,38 (0,00-2,69) |
0,00 (0,00-3,08) |
0,843 |
|
Cluster with fallen fl owers |
0,00 (0,00-1,54) |
0,00 (0,00-1,54) |
0,932 |
|
Cluster with green fruits |
2,69 (0,00-33,46) |
1,92 (0,00-1,54) |
0,999 |
|
Cluster with ripe fruits |
0,00 (0,00-2,31) |
0,00 (0,00-4,23) |
0,713 |
|
Cluster with fallen fruits |
0,38 (0,00-58,46) |
0,77 (0,00-45,00) |
0,755 |
|
Palm without reproductive structures |
46,15 (33,85-90,77) |
60,00 (46,15-95,38) |
0,114 |
† Value obtained after Mann-Whitney U test application. Source: Authors (2022)
Figure 4 – Activity and intensity index of closed sheaths emission of Butia catarinensis in Restinga at an intermediate stage of succession (Natural) and in association with eucalyptus monoculture on the southern coast of Santa Catarina. For the left graph, axis 1 represents the scale for the activity index and the averages of maximum and minimum temperatures. For the right graph, axis 1 represents the scale for the intensity index and the averages of maximum and minimum temperatures. In both graphs, axis 2 represents the scale for precipitation and radiation
Source: Authors (2022)
In both populations, the emission of exposed buds and open flowers occurred from August to January, with peaks of activity and intensity recorded in spring (October and November) in the natural population and in summer (December) in the population associated with eucalyptus monoculture (Figure 5).
Regarding the synchrony index in both phenophases and populations, the occurrence indices were less than 20%, indicating asynchrony of these fenofases in the evaluated populations. The AI of B. catarinensis in the natural population in the months of October and November (peaks) was 9% in both phenophases; in the population associated; and in the population associated with eucalyptus monoculture, these indices were 12% for exposed buds and 9% for open flowers.
Figure 5 – Activity and intensity index of the phenophases “cluster with exposed buds” and “cluster with open flowers” of Butia catarinensis in Restinga at an intermediate stage of succession (Natural) and Restinga in association with eucalyptus monoculture (Eucalyptus spp.) on the southern coast of Santa Catarina, Brazil. For the left graph, axis 1 represents the scale for the activity index and the averages of maximum and minimum temperatures. For the right graph, axis 1 represents the scale for the intensity index and the averages of maximum and minimum temperatures. In both graphs, axis 2 represents the scale for precipitation and radiation
Source: Authors (2022)
In both populations, the phenophase “cluster with fallen flowers” was recorded from August to January, with activity peaks in spring (October and November) for the population in a natural environment (AI = 6%); and in spring-summer (November and December) in the population associated with eucalyptus monoculture (AI = 6%). This phenophase did not show correlations with climatic variables (Figure 6). Additionally, it is noteworthy that the synchrony indices were less than 20%, indicating that these phenophases were not synchronous between populations.
Figure 6 – Activity and intensity index of the phenophase “cluster with fallen flowers” of Butia catarinensis in Restinga at an intermediate stage of succession (Natural) and in association with eucalyptus monoculture (Eucalyptus spp.) on the southern coast of Santa Catarina, Brazil. For the left graph, axis 1 represents the scale for the activity index and the averages of maximum and minimum temperatures. For the right graph, axis 1 represents the scale for the intensity index and the averages of maximum and minimum temperatures. In both graphs, axis 2 represents the scale for precipitation and radiation
Source: Authors (2022)
The fruiting of B. catarinensis began with the phenophase “cluster with green fruits” and ended with the phenophase “cluster with fallen fruits”. The occurrence of clusters with green fruits was recorded from July to March in the population in a natural environment and from August to May in the population associated with eucalyptus monoculture. In both populations, there was an increase in this phenophase at the end of spring and the beginning of summer (December and January), months in which the average maximum temperatures reached the highest values (> 28°C).
The occurrence of this phenophase showed a positive correlation with the variables: average minimum temperature (τ= 0.572; p= 0.012), average maximum temperature (τ= 0.509; p= 0.025), and solar radiation (τ= 0.572; p= 0.012); in the natural environment and only with the average minimum temperature variable (τ= 0.485; p= 0.035) in association with eucalyptus monoculture. All were considered regular correlations (0.3 <τ <0.6).
In both populations, the highest values of AI occurred in the month of December; an AI of 52% for the population in a natural environment and an AI of 38% for the population associated with eucalyptus monoculture (Figure 7). It was noted that the values of this index were between 20% and 60%, demonstrating that this phenophase was slightly synchronous in both populations.
Figure 7 – Activity and intensity index of the phenophase “cluster with green fruits” of Butia catarinensis in Restinga at an intermediate stage of succession (Natural) and in association with eucalyptus monoculture (Eucalyptus spp.) on the southern coast of Santa Catarina, Brazil. For the left graph, axis 1 represents the scale for the activity index and the averages of maximum and minimum temperatures. For the right graph, axis 1 represents the scale for the intensity index and the averages of maximum and minimum temperatures. In both graphs, axis 2 represents the scale for precipitation and radiation
Source: Authors (2022)
The ripening of fruits began in December for the B. catarinensis population associated with the commercial eucalyptus monoculture and in January for the population in a natural environment. In both, this phenophase remained until April, reaching its peak of activity and intensityand intensity in February. In that month, the AI was around 9% for the B. catarinensis population in a natural environment and 14% for the population associated with eucalyptus monoculture, demonstrating asynchrony of this phenophase in both populations (Figure 8).
In the natural environment population, the occurrence of this phenophase showed a regular positive correlation with minimum temperature (τ= 0.587; p= 0.017) and a strong positive correlation (0.6 <τ <0.9) with maximum temperature (τ= 0.668; p= 0.006). In the population associated with eucalyptus monoculture, the occurrence of this phenophase showed a strong correlation with the variables of average minimum temperature (τ= 0.619; p= 0.011) and average maximum temperature (τ= 0.695; p=0.004).
Figure 8 – Activity and intensity index of the phenophase “Cluster with ripe fruits” of Butia catarinensis in a natural environment and in association with eucalyptus monoculture (Eucalyptus spp.) on the southern coast of Santa Catarina, Brazil. For the left graph, axis 1 represents the scale for the activity index and the averages of maximum and minimum temperatures. For the right graph, axis 1 represents the scale for the intensity index and the averages of maximum and minimum temperatures. In both graphs, axis 2 represents the scale for precipitation and radiation
Source: Authors (2022)
Regarding the phenophase “cluster with fallen fruits,” in the population associated with eucalyptus monoculture, it began in December and continued until May. In the natural population, it started in the following month (January) and ended in the previous month (April). However, in both populations, the peak of activity and intensity of this phenophase was in March (Figure 9). It is noteworthy that a small occurrence of clusters with fallen fruits was recorded in the months of July and August, resulting from the fall of green fruits that did not reach maturation.
The synchrony of this phenophase in both populations was considered slightly synchronous, as the values were between 20% and 60%, and only in the population associated with eucalyptus monoculture there was a correlation with the variables average minimum temperature (τ= 0.526; p=0.022) and average maximum temperature (τ= 0.461; p=0.046).
Figure 9 – Activity and intensity index of the phenophase “cluster with fallen fruits” of Butia catarinensis in Restinga in a medium stage of succession (Natural) and in association with eucalyptus monoculture (Eucalyptus spp.) on the southern coast of Santa Catarina, Brazil. For the left graph, axis 1 represents the scale for the activity index and the averages of maximum and minimum temperatures. For the right graph, axis 1 represents the scale for the intensity index and the averages of maximum and minimum temperatures. In both graphs, axis 2 represents the scale for precipitation and radiation
Source: Authors (2022)
In both populations, the absence of reproductive structures (spathe, flowers, and fruits) was observed throughout the evaluation period. It was noted that this phenophase was more active and intense (indices > 85%) during April and May, a period when temperatures were lower. Both populations were considered synchronous for this phenophase, as the AI values were higher than 60% (Figure 10). The occurrence of this phenophase showed a regular negative correlation with the variable minimum temperature (τ= -0.462; p=0.032) only with the population associated with eucalyptus monoculture.
Figure 10 – Activity and intensity index of the phenophase “Palm without reproductive structures of Butia catarinensis in Restinga at an intermediate stage of succession (Natural) and in association with eucalyptus monoculture (Eucalyptus spp.) on the southern coast of Santa Catarina, Brazil. For the left graph, axis 1 represents the scale for the activity index and the averages of maximum and minimum temperatures. For the right graph, axis 1 represents the scale for the intensity index and the averages of maximum and minimum temperatures. In both graphs, axis 2 represents the scale for precipitation and radiation
Source: Authors (2022)
In the shrubby Restinga at an intermediate stage of succession, the reproductive period of B. catarinensis began with the emission of closed sheaths and ended with fruits falling, both in the month of April. In the population of B. catarinensis associated with eucalyptus monoculture, the emission of closed sheaths was continuous throughout the year, and the fruits remained on the cluster until May. However, in both populations, the reproductive phenophases showed a marked increase in production and intensity during defined periods (seasonality); therefore, for the populations studied, the reproductive cycle of B. catarinensis can be considered annual (Newstrom et al., 1994).
It is important to highlight that the absence of differences in activity and intensity indices between the two evaluated environments revealed that the microclimate formed by eucalyptus monoculture did not influence the activity and intensity of flowering and fruiting of B. catarinensis in the populations studied on the southern coast of Santa Catarina. This pattern differs from what was expected, considering that, despite the proximity between the analyzed populations, the environments hosting them differ in various aspects (allelopathy influence, sunlight incidence, temperature, and humidity), which can interfere directly or indirectly with the phenological behavior of this species (Barceló Coll et al., 2005; Simões-Jesus & Castellani, 2007; Castro et al., 2012; Morellato et al., 2016; Viraponge et al., 2017).
Regarding the analysis of the activity index of each phenophase, it was verified that B. catarinensis can be classified as asynchronous, since most of the phenophases showed low synchrony (< 20%) (Bencke & Morellato, 2002). This pattern was similar to that observed in Oenocarpus bataua in the state of Pará (Maciel et al., 2021) and in Attalea maripa in the Eastern Amazon (Pires et al., 2016). In these studies, the absence of synchrony was mainly associated with the presence of long periods of flowering and fruiting (eight to twelve months) in the studied species. However, in the case of B. catarinensis on the southern coast of Santa Catarina, flowering and fruiting were available for a shorter period (four to six months). Therefore, the asynchrony of these populations may be influenced by ecological or biological factors of the genus, as a similar pattern was observed by Rosa et al. (1998) with B. catarinensis (previously described as B. capitata) in the municipality of Laguna, Santa Catarina, and by Azambuja (2009) with B. odorata (previously described as B. capitata) in Rio Grande do Sul.
The absence of reproductive structures in palms already in reproductive stages is common and was verified by Padilha et al. (2016) when observing the production of clusters of B. odorata in Rio Grande do Sul, as well as by Ruiz and Alencar (2004), Pires et al. (2016), and Begnini et al. (2013) when evaluating the phenology of other genera in Arecaceae. According to Bernacci et al. (2008), the variation in the annual number of reproductive plants that develop inflorescence may be related to the alternation in resource allocation, in which some plants use resources for their growth, maintenance, and reproduction; or by resource competition among individuals occurring in close proximity, as is the case with butiazais (Marchi et al., 2018), where individuals may limit each other’s reproductive output over a period of time.
Regarding the flowering period, the continuous presence of closed sheaths throughout the year or most of it was also recorded by Ruiz and Alencar (2004), Pires et al. (2016), and Maciel et al. (2021) with other genera of Arecaceae in northern Brazil. Rosa et al. (1998), when analyzing the phenology of B. catarinensis, reported the absence of closed sheaths only in March, April, and May, months following what was observed in this work (February and March). According to Ruiz and Alencar (2004), the continuous or long-term presence of closed sheaths throughout the year can be explained by the prolonged duration of the event in the plant, as when the individual begins to emit inflorescences, most of the new leaves already have a new floral bud in formation.
The occurrence of activity and intensity peaks for the phenophases “cluster with exposed buds” and “cluster with open flowers” in November and December is similar to the results found by Rosa et al. (1998) with B. catarinensis in Santa Catarina; Schwartz (2008) and Azambuja (2009) with B. odorata in Rio Grande do Sul (December and January); Castro et al. (2007) and Begnini et al. (2013) with Euterpe edulis and Syagrus romanzoffiana in the coastal regions of São Paulo and Santa Catarina; and Talora and Morellato (2000) and Medeiros (2005). According to these authors, peak flowering in spring and summer is often associated with conditions of higher temperature, precipitation, and longer photoperiod (Begnini et al., 2013); however, in climates with little seasonality, as in the period evaluated, environmental factors likely have less influence on the phenophases than in notably seasonal environments (Talora & Morellato, 2000). This may justify the absence of significant correlations for the phenophases: “cluster with exposed buds,” “cluster with open flowers,” and “cluster with fallen flowers” with the climatic variables evaluated.
Regarding fruiting, the occurrence of “cluster with green fruits” for most of the evaluated period (between July and May), with peaks occurring between December and January, and “cluster with ripe fruits” occurring from December to April, with activity and intensity peaks in February, was similar to findings by Rosa et al. (1998) and Azambuja (2009) with B. catarinensis and B. odorata on the coasts of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. This pattern of weak seasonality in fruiting may suggest that the climate is not a limiting factor for fruit production in B. catarinensis in southern Santa Catarina (Bencke & Morellato, 2002). Castro et al. (2007) and Beginini et al. (2013) in their studies of the phenology of other genera of Arecaceae obtained peaks of fruiting a little later. Euterpe edulis on the coast of São Paulo had peaks of activity and intensity of green fruits in March, as well as a peak of cluster with ripe fruits in March and April (Castro et al., 2007); and S. romanzofiana had the highest incidence of cluster with green fruits between January and February and cluster with ripe fruits in June and July (Begnini et al., 2013).
The presence of positive correlations (regular and strong) of the phenophases: “cluster with green fruits,” “cluster with ripe fruits,” and “cluster with fallen fruits” with temperature variables reinforced the understanding that high temperatures influence the development and maturation of fruits of B. catarinensis on the coast of Santa Catarina. A similar pattern was found by Medeiros (2005) when observing the phenology of tree species in the Restinga of São Paulo and by Guimarães (2006) when observing the flowering and fruiting of tree species in the Restinga of Santa Catarina.
The highest index of absence of reproductive structures was observed in the autumn-winter period following the senescence of the fruits. The presence of a negative correlation for this phenophase with minimum temperature corroborates the finding that the reduction in the number of reproductive structures is directly related to lower temperatures in these seasons. A similar pattern was found by Rosa et al. (1998) and Azambuja (2009) in other populations of Butia in southern Brazil.
In both populations, the absence of correlations for the phenophases: “cluster with exposed buds,” “cluster with open flowers,” and “cluster with fallen flowers” with climatic variables was notable. Furthermore, only the precipitation variable showed no correlations with any of the reproductive phenophases of B. catarinensis on the southern coast of Santa Catarina. This contrasts with findings by Azambuja (2009), who recorded correlations of this variable with flower development in B. odorata on the coast of Rio Grande do Sul, and by Castro et al. (2007) and Begnini et al. (2013) regarding the development of inflorescences and green fruits in other palms on the Brazilian coast.
According to Henderson et al. (2000), this pattern of absent significant correlation between flowering and fruiting phenophases and climatic variables is natural, as the phenological patterns of species are primarily influenced by endogenous attributes (physiological, nutritional, and genetic) and ecological factors (pollination, predation, and competition) rather than by climatic variables alone. Notably, during the monitoring period, the occurrence of floral visitors, primarily bees, on the flowers of B. catarinensis was recorded, suggesting that this palm is entomophilous. Research conducted in Northern and Southern Brazil highlights the importance of insect pollination, mainly by bees, in the flowering and subsequent fruiting success of palms (Venturieri, 2008; Dorneles et al., 2013).
This study evidenced that B. catarinensis has an annual and asynchronous reproductive cycle, with higher rates of flowering and fruiting in spring and summer and lower rates of reproductive structures during winter. Unlike E. edulis and S. romanzoffiana, also native to the Atlantic Forest, which showed a peak in fruiting, particularly in fruit maturation, during autumn and winter.
The absence of significant correlations between the phenophases of flowering and climatic variables suggests that other factors may also play a role in initiating and developing these phenological events; in this study, entomophilous pollination stands out as a potential influencing factor in flowering. Furthermore, it is noted that precipitation had little influence on the reproductive cycle of this species. In contrast, higher temperature values (minimum and maximum), as well as high levels of solar radiation, positively influenced the development of clusters with green fruits and clusters with ripe fruits throughout the year.
Additionally, the absence of significant differences in activity and intensity indices between the two environments evaluated revealed that the microclimate formed by eucalyptus monoculture did not influence the quantity of flowering and fruiting of B. catarinensis, but it may have influenced the period of occurrence and the peak of the phenophases, accelerating, delaying, or prolonging the occurrence and intensity of these events in the species. This result can be explained by the fact that, although the eucalyptus monoculture creates its own microclimate, with additional shade and humidity and reduced direct solar radiation, these factors do not appear to be sufficient to significantly alter the phenology of B. catarinensis. However, this alteration in the microclimate, even if subtle, affects the plant’s physiological response time. Conducting a phenological study using microclimatic data from the eucalyptus monoculture is necessary to identify how these small variations impact the synchrony and intensity of phenophases.
Finally, this study provides information that can assist in predicting the behavior of B. catarinensis in response to climate change. It also presents the first phenological survey of this palm under eucalyptus understory in southern Brazil. The data from this survey can offer insights for potential sustainable exploitation of B. catarinensis fruits in consortium with eucalyptus monoculture as a strategy to increase income for silviculturists in the region.
We thank the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação de Santa Catarina (FAPESC), the Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), and the Herbário Pe. Dr. Raulino Reitz for supporting this research.
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Authorship contributions
Master’s degree in Environmental Sciences from the University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina.
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6735-6130 • iara_zanoni@hotmail.com
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing, Writing - original draft, Project administration
2 – Altamir Rocha Antunes
Master’s Degree in Environmental Sciences from the University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2751-8948 • altamirmad@hotmail.com
Contribution: Investigation, Writing - original draft
3 – Amanda Vieira Matiola
Master’s degree in the Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences from the University of Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC).
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1637-1493 • amandamatiola1@gmail.com
Contribution: Investigation, Writing - review & editing
4 – Micael De Bona
Graduated in Biological Sciences from the University of Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC).
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1717-6964 • micael.tutu@gmail.com
Contribution: Investigation, Writing - review & editing
5 – Júlia Gava Sandrini
Graduated in Biological Sciences in Environmental Sciences from the University of Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC).
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5389-5042• juliagsandrini@gmail.com
Contribution: Investigation, Writing - review & editing
6 – Kristian Madeira
PhD in Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences from the University of Extremo Sul Catarinense.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0929-9403 • kristian@unesc.net
Contribution: Software, Investigation, Writing - review & editing
7 – Guilherme Alves Elias
Doctorate and Post-Doctorate in Environmental Sciences from the University of Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC).
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6339-4762 • Guilherme@unesc.net
Contribution: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing - review & editing
8 – Robson dos Santos
PhD in Mineral Engineering from the University of São Paulo - USP (2003).
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5548-6448 • rsa@unesc.net
Contribution: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Supervision, Writing - review & editing
How to quote this article
Zanoni, I. Z., Antunes, A. R., Matiola, A. V., De Bona, M., Sandrini, J. G., Madeira, K., Elias, G. A., & Santos, R. dos (2025). Phenology of Butia catarinensis in the Southern Coastal Region of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Ciencia e Natura, 47, e86974. doi: 10.5902/2179460X86974.