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Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
Ci. e Nat., Santa Maria, v. 44, e13, 202X
DOI: 10.5902/2179460X43748
ISSN 2179-460X
Submitted: 23/04/2020 • Approved: 03/11/2021 • Published: 02/05/2022
Biology-Botany
Biodiversity in urban centers: survey on palm trees in Antônio Danubio Park
Biodiversidade nos centros urbanos: levantamento das palmeiras no Parque Antônio Danúbio
Karina de Nazaré Lima Alves I
Flávia Cristina Araújo Lucas II
Maria Antonia Ferreira Gois III
I Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi/Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brasil
II Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
ABSTRACT
The green areas conservation in urban perimeters is an effective way to maintain native plant species, in addition to the important socio-environmental role they play in cities. Parque Antônio Danúbio is a conserved forest fragment in the metropolitan area of Belém, Pará, which presents a great diversity of native flora species, especially palm trees. The present study objective was to carry out a survey of the palm trees in Parque Antônio Danúbio aiming to know the vegetation structure through the distribution and frequency of the registered species. The study was made using a qualitative approach, frequency and structure analyzes (height classes) were also carried out. Nine palm species were identified, being açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), mumbaca (Astrocaryum gynacanthum Mart.) and bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.) the most frequent. Individuals distribution in the height classes indicated that there is regeneration in the environment. Such results show that Parque Antônio Danúbio presents a representative diversity of native palm trees, and the populations of these species enjoy good conditions for their development.
Keywords: Green areas; Conservation; Arecaceae
RESUMO
Palavras-chave: Áreas verdes; Conservação; Arecaceae
Palm trees (Arecaceae) are outstanding Flora specimens, their extraction and cultivation have been essential for traditional populations for thousands of years. They are part of a wide network of society-nature associations involving ecological and socio-cultural variables. Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), for example, is an essential plant resource given the benefits it brings to Amazonian communities. The palm species are broadly used in this region due to their fruits and palm heart – both quite appreciated in human and animal diets -, their leaves are used to coat ceiling tops, for handcrafting and to produce household items, as well as stipe dare useful in construction support and the roots are used in popular medicine (MOURÃO, 2011). Açaí planting and management are promising and sustainable land-use alternatives also successfully applicable to reforestation, agroforest systems (AFS) and to the recovery of degraded sites (CONDÉ et al., 2020). Moreover, these trees are permanent landscape elements in the composition of parks and city squares. Therefore, this group of plants plays a key role in preserving and recovering Brazilian biomes (BRANCALION et al., 2011).
Brazilian flora belonging to family Arecaceae is rich. Representatives of this family are known by native peoples such as “Pindorama” – which means, “land of tall trees” or “land of palm trees”, in Tupy language (SILVA et al., 2007; ULHÔA, 2016). The number of studies on this group of plants has been growing worldwide since the 19th century when Von Martius (1817-1850) carried out investigations in different Brazilian phytophysiognomies along with Spix. They crossed the current states of Maranhão, Pará and Amazonas while in the Amazonian Biome (OLIVEIRA et al., 2014). English naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace travelled through the Amazon from 1848 to 1851 and published the book “Palmeiras da Amazônia e seus usos”, which is one of the greatest contributions to studies conducted in the region, mainly to the 44 palm tree species he had investigated. His study is not only important from the botanical viewpoint, but because it also describes their use by indigenous peoples and by the Brazilian population (WALLACE, 2014). Wallace stated: “Gracious palm trees are distributed everywhere, they are the real inhabitants of the tropics, whose profile is the most impressive and featuring element”. Overall, plant species play relevant roles in urban zones, they embellish landscapes, improve air quality and provide thermal comfort, among other environmental benefits (LOBATO et al., 2017).
The socioeconomic and ecological importance of this family was proven by its great representativeness in parks and Botanical Gardens all over the world. It is also highly valuable because of its species diversity, occurrence in a wide range of habitats, status as integral part of the local culture and importance for the family-based economy of many traditional and non-traditional communities. It is quite essential highlighting the importance of this ethnobotanical information (MARTINS et al., 2014).
Despite their relevance, little is known about the ecology of species in this family, mainly in urban zones, although such knowledge would make their management and sustainable use in the region easier. These plants provide fruits and seeds for the diet of vertebrates and invertebrates, including birds (toucans, parrots and passerines), mammals (marsupials, primates, rodents), insects (fruit fly), among other groups. Some of these groups are palm tree seed dispersers (RIBEIRO et al., 2013; ALIAGA-ROSSEL & MORAES, 2014), a fact that optimizes ecosystem services accountable for generating dynamic processes to help maintaining natural environments.
Antônio Danúbio Park is a conserved forest fragment located in Belém Metropolitan Region, Pará State. It presents great native flora species diversity, mainly palm trees (BASTOS, 2014). The park covers territorial space of 3,544 hectares and perimeter of 806.83 m (ANANINDEUA, 2011). Areas surrounding the park and overall areas around the city, are quite anthropic, but they still conserve vegetal formations (spots of dry land and lowland forests) mainly separated by urban constructions (ANANINDEUA, 2013). For two decades now, the park has been seen as a place for public leisure, since it is often visited by local residents. Among all aims of having the park in the region, one finds the maintenance of the local and regional ecosystem. It is important noticing that the park is available for community cultural, educational and leisure activities that do not pose risk to the environment (BASTOS, 2014). According to Alcântara & Vazquez (2016), a county that provides its population with high-quality public spaces allows it to have a healthy environment to live in.
The aim of the present study was to carry out a survey of palm trees at Antônio Danúbio Park to know its vegetation structure based on the distribution and occurrence of the observed species.
2.1 Study site
Antônio Danúbio Park is located in Ananindeua City, Belém Metropolitan Region (01°23’02” S and 48°24’22” W), BR 316 Road, km 5. Climate in this region classified as equatorial humid of the Afi type (Köppen’s classification) (SIQUEIRA & APRILE, 2013). Mean annual temperature is 27°C, mean annual rainfall is 2,692.7 mm. The rainy season is observed between January and June, and the dry season from July to December (ANANINDEUA, 2013). According to the classification by IBGE (2012), the original phytophysiognomy of the park presented Alluvial Dense Rainforest features of Open Ombrophilous Forest with palm trees (Figure 1).
Figure 1 – A. Overview of one of the trails. B. Overview of the park showing the prevailing phytophysiognomy
Source: Authors (2020)
2.2 Study design
Visitations to the park were carried out in order to get to know the whole site, to ask for authorizations and to have the first conversations about the education-activities program comprising the elaborated Environmental Education agenda. Park employees and managers were interviewed based on semi-structured forms (BELEI et al., 2008) and on participatory observation (MINAYO, 2011). The interviews helped identifying the demands for possible socio-education activities, mainly for activities involving native palm trees. These activities would be focused on experiencing nature and on encouraging research planning, as suggested by Thiollent (2011). Actions concerning palm trees would be part of a permanent program aimed at encouraging visitors to get to know the importance of nature components for urban landscapes used for outdoor activities, as well as to sensitize the population about local environmental issues. The inventory of native palm tree species was encouraged by the occurrence of this taxon throughout the whole park and by its prevalence in the woods and understory sites.
The qualitative approach adapted from Castilho (2004) was applied to the palm trees inventory. Approximately 600 m of the park were crossed in two hours. The route followed the existing trails, which lead to dense forest and palm tree densification areas in open vegetation sites that account for great circulation of people, namely: convenience area and areas close to the main gate (Figure 2).
Figure 2 – Map of the study site highlighting the route taken to make the inventory of palm tree species
Source: Esri, Digital Globe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USCS, AeroGRID, ICN, and the CIS User Community (2020)
All individuals located at least 2 m from the trails (to the right and left) were inventoried (CASTILHO, 2004). Only individuals 1.30 m tall (minimum) were inventoried for frequency analyses. Flowering and fruiting data were collected in September 2016 - plant height estimates were also used in the analyses. Individuals were divided into classes as described by Resende et al. (2012), with adaptations: I (1.3 to < 3.5 m), II (3.5 to < 7.0 m), III (7.0 to < 10.5 m), IV (10.5 to < 14.0 m), V (14.0 to < 17.5 m), VI (17.5 to < 21.0 m), VII (21.0 to < 24.5 m) and VIII (24.5 to < 28.0 m). Palm trees presenting underground stem growth and visible stipe, such as Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart., were inventoried based on the method by Salm et al. (2011). Species were categorized into classes of frequency based on Filgueiras et al. (1994) in order to measure their ecological importance to the environment: frequent (≥ 10% of the total of sampled individuals), common (between 5% and 9% of the total), occasional (between 1% and 4.9% of the total) or locally rare (<1% of the total).
Species identification took place in loco and was performed by the parataxonomist of the MG herbarium of Emílio Goeldi Paraense Museum, Belém City, Pará State. Notes about morphology and phenology were taken and plant images were recorded. Species nomenclature was updated in the databases of the List of Flora Species in Brazil (FLORA DO BRASIL 2020) and of the Missouri Botanical Garden (www.tropicos.org). Species conservation status was assessed in the International Union for Nature Conservation and Natural Resources (IUCN, 2016) headquarters and in the National Center of Flora Conservation (CNCFLORA, 2012). Materials deposited in herbaria and registered in the species Link network (www.splink.cria.org.br) were also assessed.
Nine native palm tree (Arecaceae) species were identified (Table 1). This is a significant number of species to be identified in a short urban forest fragment. Silva et al. (2007) surveyed tree, shrub and palm tree richness and density in seven urban parks in Recife. They mentioned the small number of registered native palm tree species in the assessed parks, namely: only two native species among the total of fourteen species registered in Brazil. These species are not “assessed for endangerment” based on the conservation status offset to these species by CNCFLORA (2012) and IUCN (2016).
Table 1 shows the native species identified in the inventory and their respective popular names, number of individuals and classification based on frequency. In total, 490 individuals were identified in the park and 3 species presented frequent distributions: açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) - which recorded the largest number of individuals (229) -, mumbaca (Astrocaryum gynacanthum Mart.) (130) and bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.) (101). Salm et al. (2011) conducted a study in the Sustainable Forest District of BR-163, Western Pará State and found high density values (individuals ha-1) for A. gynacanthum and E. oleracea. Germano et al. (2014) highlighted the presence of açaí and miriti/buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) in the riversides of Abaetuba city, Pará State.
Table 1 – Palm tree species and their respective classification based on their frequency in the assessed site. Fr = frequent; Co = Common; Oc = Occasional; Lr = Locally rare
|
Scientific name |
Popular name |
Sampled individuals |
Classification |
|
Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. |
Mucajá |
1 |
Lr |
|
Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart. |
Inajá |
9 |
Oc |
|
Astrocaryum gynacanthum Mart. |
Mumbaca |
130 |
Fr |
|
Astrocaryum vulgare Mart. |
Tucumã |
1 |
Lr |
|
Bactris gasipaes Kunth |
Pupunha |
1 |
Lr |
|
Euterpe oleracea Mart. |
Açaí |
229 |
Fr |
|
Mauritia flexuosa L.f. |
Miriti/Buriti |
17 |
Oc |
|
Oenocarpus bacaba Mart. |
Bacaba |
101 |
Fr |
|
Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H.Wendl. |
Paxiúba |
1 |
Lr |
|
|
|
Total = 490 |
|
Source: Authors (2020)
Euterpe oleracea and O. bacaba were observed in the whole route taken in the Park, but the number of E. oleracea individuals identified in the most opened sites was larger than that of O. bacaba. This species was more frequent in the forest and M. flexuosa representatives were limited to locations by the lake.
The inventory by Pinheiro et al. (2010) was carried out in the open rainforest (hillside) and alluvial rainforest (shallow) environments of the urban park in Manaus City, Amazon State. The same method led to six species at Antônio Danúbio Park. These authors also found E. oleracea and O. bacaba in two types of phytophysiognomy, as well as M. flexuosa in the alluvial environments. Pott & Pott (2004) justify the greatest occurrence of M. flexuosa in flooded ground as consequence of its pneumatophore roots, which allow its development in environments subjected to different soil types, climate and to specific humidity conditions - water makes fruit dispersion easier and favors species reproduction (CAVALCANTE, 1996).
Based on Gama et al. (2003), E. oleracea was the only species inventoried through the existing light climax (LC), which is a high floodplain forest in Afuá County, Northern Pará State. This finding shows the difficulty of this species in developing on closed forest, due to the low light conditions. According to Shanley et al. (2010), O. bacaba prefers open sites, however, it can grow in shady locations. Oliveira et al. (2008) carried out a study in a dense dry forest in Central Amazon, Amazonas State, where understory vegetation is dense. They found that O. bacaba juveniles prevailed in the assessed site and concluded that this species is highly tolerant to light shortage. There was a large number of A. gynacanthum individuals in sites presenting vegetation densification. This species is part of a common genus distributed in understory vegetation featured by high density of individuals (CLAUDINO et al., 2015). Rocha & Silva (2005) reported high density indices and frequency of A. gynacanthum species in a study carried out in a secondary forest environment in Bragança County, PA, Brazil. This outcome evidenced that this species presents great frequency in the Amazonian Domain. Such an information helps better understanding the distribution and colonization dynamics of this species in the environment, mainly in urban zones subjected to constant fragmentation.
The 490 individuals were distributed into eight height classes (Figure 3), most of them were in classes lower than VI, mainly in class II (178 individuals). Classes VII and VIII recorded the smallest number of individuals. These results are similar to those recorded by Almeida & Jardim (2011), who found greater concentration of individuals in class II (from 5.1 to 10 m) and few individuals in classes V (from 15.1 to 20 m) and VI (more than 25 m). According to Resende et al. (2012), such concentration in the first height classes are indicative of individuals addition to the assessed classes. This pattern points towards the regeneration of stable tropical forests. Data highlights reproductive self-sufficiency and, consequent, natural maintenance of this repository. Different height classes express different regeneration and colonization levels. According to Miranda et al. (2003), such a profile deeply contributes to the floristic, structural and dynamic interpretation of these plants composition.
Figure 3 – Total number of individuals belonging to the recorded palm tree species based on height class (m)
Source: Authors (2020)
E. oleracea distribution (Figure 4 – A) was similar to that found by Almeida & Jardim (2011) in low land forest in Sororoca Island, Ananindeua County. There was greater concentration of individuals in lower strata (up to 10 m tall). They observed a pattern for tropical forests that point towards intense regeneration.
Figure 4 – Number of individuals per height class recorded for the most representative palm tree species: A- Açaí (Euterpe oleracea); B- Mumbaca (Astrocaryum gynacanthum); C- Bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba)
Source: Authors (2020)
Euterpe. oleracea and O. bacaba (Figures 4-A and 4-C, respectively) occurred in different forest strata, at different height patterns, and this finding highlights constant phytophysiognomy. Finol (1971) and Mendes et al. (2013) discussed the establishment profile and composition of all classes. According to them, they were the consequence of genetic features of species adapted to understory conditions when their growth is constant. Mauritia flexuosa did not have representatives in Height Class I, only in classes II and V. The largest number of individuals in intermediate classes was similar to that found by Jardim et al. (2007) in an Amazonian lowland forest in Combu Island, Belém, Pará State. Accordingly, 80% of individuals belonging to the assessed species were in classes presenting individuals between 5.1 and 20.0 m tall. Height distribution did not meet the J-inverted pattern, which is characteristic of self-regenerative populations.
Attalea maripa did not have representatives in the first height classes (I and II) or in other ones (VI, VII and VIII), as well. Jardim et al. (2007) identified the continuous distribution (J-inverted) of this species in a lowland forest in Combu Island, Belém, Pará State. All classes had their representatives and the number of individuals tended to decrease from the first classes to the last ones.
Four species only counted on one individual in the inventory, namely: A. aculeata (approximately 15 m tall) (Figure 5 – E), A. vulgare (approximately 8 m tall), B. gasipaes (approximately 3 m tall) and S. exorrhiza (approximately 3 m tall) (Figure 5 - F). In total, from 1/3 to 1/4 of the species recorded low density and this amount was expected for tropical forests (MIGUEL et al., 2011). However, it was not expected for anthropized sites, such as capoeira, pastures and open fields (MENEZES et al., 2012), where such species often have significant growth, are more resistant to fire and abundant. Svenning (2001) considered that palm tree aggregations result from specific conditions such as environmental reproduction and/or heterogeneity deriving from soil type, climate, topographic and altitude conditions associated with biotic factors such as predation, dispersion, germination and recruiting - even if there is a set of intrinsic factors that favor the permanence and colonization of a given species. The pattern observed in the herein assessed park points towards much interference either from physical structures (constructions, grounding, garbage, vegetation pruning, among others) or from external factors such as transit flow, pollutants, noise and other aspects influencing the formation of denser populations.
Only A. vulgare, S. exorrhiza and A. gynacanthum did not present reproduction structure (fruits or flowers) within the assessed period (September). According to Shanley et al. (2010), A. vulgare fruiting starts when individuals measure from 1.5 m to 5 m tall. However, in Pará State, the species’ mean flowering time was observed between March and July, and fruiting took place from December to April. Souza (2007) considered that approximately 10 m is the minimum height for adult S. exorrhiza individuals at reproduction time. The only specimens measuring approximately 3 m tall at Antonio Danúbio Park did not present reproductive structures. The aforementioned author highlighted that 2 m is the appropriate initial height for A. gynacanthum. Individuals inventoried at Antônio Danúbio Park exceeded such a height. Pimentel (2015) observed phenological records of palm tree species herbaria in Tapajós National Forest, Pará State and found that A. gynacanthum flowered and fruited in November. They also stated that rainfall and rainy-period variations can change the phenological behavior of palm trees, a fact that justifies the pattern observed for this species at Antonio Danúbio Park.
Figure 5 - Overall aspect of palm trees in the park. A – Açaí bush (E. oleracea); B- Inajá (A. maripa) C- Miriti (M. flexuosa); D. Mucajá (A. aculeata) E. Mumbaca (A. gynacanthum), isolated individuals and F- Paxiúba (S. exorrhiza)
Source: Authors (2020)
Figure 6 - Detail of the morphological structure observed for palm tree featuring. A – Bacaba (O. bacaba), pines grouped and placed in different angles; B - Bacaba green-purple sheath; C - Bacaba, pendulum inflorescence; D – Inaja (A. maripa), irregular pines grouped and placed in different angles; E - Inaja, interfoliar inflorescence; F - Mucaja (A. aculeata), yellowish fine epicarp fruits; G – Mumbaca stipe (A. gynacanthum) with black, flat and long thorns; H – Paxiúba (S. exorrhiza), stipe; I - Paxiúba, cone with adventitious thorn roots; J – Tucumã stipe (A. vulgare) with thorns grouped in node
Source: Authors (2020)
The floristic composition of native palm trees was similar to that observed in other studies conducted in Amazonian environments. Nine species were found, some of them were forming dense population inside the forest. The study on the occurrence of these species has shown that açaí (E. oleracea), mumbaca (A. gynacanthum) and bacaba (O. bacaba), were the most frequent ones. With respect to vegetation structure, most species presented height class pattern indicative of tropical forests, which are stable - as expected for natural environments presenting lower anthropization. This outcome suggests that the dynamics of natural resources in the park’s environment is favorable to the maintenance of species’ life cycle, as well as points towards its resistance to impacts from human intervention.
The park is an urban forest fragment presenting native palm tree species diversity. These species were culturally absorbed by Amazonian populations, which acknowledge the socio-environmental diversity observed in Belém Metropolitan Region. Several tools have been adopted to outspread scientific information and environmental awareness in the region.
We thank to Pará State University and MFS Marlene Freitas da Silva herbarium for the structural support. We also thank to the Antônio Danúbio environmental Park staff, for the constant availability and assistance.
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Authorship contributions
1 – Karina de Nazaré Lima Alves (Corresponding author)
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Master in Biological Sciences - Tropical Botany.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1360-735X • karinalvesnl@gmail.com
Contribuition: Conceptualization|Data curation|Formal Analysis|Investigation|Methodology|Project Administration|Writing - original draft.
2 – Flávia Cristina Araújo Lucas
Universidade do Estado do Pará, PhD in Biological Sciences
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0752-7206 • copaldoc@yahoo.com.br
Contribuition: Conceptualization|Data curation|Funding Acquisition|Supervision|Validation|Writing - review & editing
3 – Maria Antonia Ferreira Gois
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Master in Biological Sciences - Tropical Botany.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5663-7188 • mariah.botanica@gmail.com
Contribuition: Writing – original draft
How to quote this article
ALVES, K. de N. L.; LUCAS, F. C. A.; GOIS, M. A. F. Biodiversity in urban centers: survey on palm trees in Antônio Danubio Park. Ciência e Natura, Santa Maria, v. 44, e13, 2022. DOI 10.5902/2179460X43748. Available in: https://doi.org/10.5902/2179460X43748.