Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
Ci. e Nat., Santa Maria, v. 41, e51, 2019.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460X39495
Received: 11/08/2019 Accepted: 04/09/2019
Section Environment
Selection of suitable areas for landfill installation in a Brazilian municipality through free software spatial analysis
Seleção de áreas aptas à instalação de aterro sanitário em um município brasileiro através de análises espaciais realizadas por software livre
Ana Luiza Bertani Dall'AgnolI
Mateus Torres NazariII
Carolina Faccio DemarcoIII
Thays França AfonsoIV
Cassia Brocca CaballeroV
Louise HossVI
Diuliana LeandroVII
Robson AndreazzaVIII
Maurizio Silveira QuadroIX
I Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brasil – analu_bda@yahoo.com.br
II Universidade de Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil - nazari.eas@gmail.com
III Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brasil - carol_demarco@gmail.com
IV Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brasil - thaysafonso@hotmail.com
V Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brasil - cassiabrocca@gmail.com
VI Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brasil - hosslouise@gmail.com
VII Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brasil - diuliana.leandro@hotmail.com
VIII Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brasil - robsonandreazza@yahoo.com.br
IX Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brasil - mausq@hotmail.com
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) increasing generation is related to population growth and higher consumption patterns. MSW management is still considered an issue for Brazilian municipalities due to its high complexity, specificity and amount. Landfills are considered a suitable method for final disposal of solid waste, being the technique used in Brazil. Among numerous applications, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been widely applied to select sites for landfills implementation. To meet regulatory requirements, choosing a landfill site requires several studies that consume time and resources. The aim of this work was to identify, through the use of GIS, areas that met regulatory and normative standards to landfill installation in a medium sized Brazilian city. It was possible to select three appropriate areas for the location of a landfill in the studied municipality. Considering the need for municipalities to comply with legislation, which demands the elimination of waste disposal in dumps and controlled landfills, properly designed and localized landfills are essential to the Brazilian reality in terms of MSW integrated management. Thus, the GIS is evidenced as an effective tool, since it reduces the number of field surveys, optimizing time and reducing economic and human resources needs for the landfill project preparation phase.
Keywords: Geographic information system; Solid waste; Final disposal; Waste management
Resumo
O aumento da geração de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) está relacionado ao crescimento populacional e aos padrões de consumo mais elevados. A gestão dos RSU ainda é considerada uma problemática para os municípios brasileiros em virtude de sua alta complexidade, especificidade e quantidade gerada. Aterros são considerados um método adequado para disposição final de resíduos sólidos, sendo a técnica mais empregada no Brasil. Dentre inúmeras aplicações, os Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) vem sendo utilizados em estudos para a seleção de locais apropriados à instalação de aterros sanitários. Para cumprir requisitos regulatórios, a escolha de um local para um aterro requer diversos estudos, que demandam tempo e recursos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar, através da utilização de SIG, áreas aptas do ponto de vista regulatório e normativo para a instalação de aterro sanitário em um município brasileiro de médio porte. Foi possível selecionar três áreas adequadas para localização de um aterro no município estudado. Considerando a necessidade de adequação dos municípios à legislação, que prevê a eliminação dos lixões e aterros controlados, aterros sanitários devidamente projetados e localizados são essenciais para a realidade brasileira em termos de gestão integrada de RSU. Assim, o SIG evidencia-se como uma ferramenta eficaz, visto que diminui a quantidade de levantamentos de campo, otimiza tempo e reduz recursos econômicos e humanos necessários para a fase de elaboração de projetos de aterros.
Palavras-chave: Sistema de informações geográficas; Resíduos sólidos; Disposição final; Gestão de resíduos
1 Introduction
Waste generation varies with population growth and tends to increase (KHATIB, 2011). In the case of Brazil, reports from entities specialized in the area of urban cleaning show that the rate of waste generation is higher than that of population growth (ABRELPE, 2018). Over a ten-year period, it was estimated that the waste generation rate increased by 21%, and the Brazilian population grew only by 9.65% (PEREIRA; SOUZA, 2017).
Moreover, economic development, urbanization and technological revolution influence the population's production and consumption patterns, which also contributes to increasing solid waste generation, either in quantitative aspects or composition diversity (GOUVEIA, 2012). Inadequate management of solid waste is known to negatively impact the environment and public health (FERREIRA; ANJOS, 2001; GOUVEIA, 2012; OLIVEIRA; GALVÃO JUNIOR, 2016). In this context, waste management has been a challenge for public administration, which is responsible for public urban cleaning and solid waste management services in Brazil (BRASIL, 2010).
Environmental legislation has been gradually establishing and including the issue of solid waste in the Brazilian legal system, which is governed by laws, decrees, resolutions and technical standards (SILVA et al., 2017). Of these, the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS – Portuguese acronym), established by Law 12.305 of August 2, 2010, is the main regulatory framework in the solid waste area (RAUBER, 2011).
The Pan American Health Organization (2005) states that integrated solid waste management should appreciate an articulated and interrelated set of regulatory, operative, financial, planning, administrative, social, educational, monitoring, supervision and evaluation actions to promote a cradle-to-grave management of waste. The final disposal is an orderly distribution of tailings in landfills, following specific operational rules, in order to avoid damage or risks to public health and safety, seeking to minimize adverse environmental impacts (BRASIL, 2010).
Sanitary landfills are engineering works constructed to dispose municipal solid waste (MSW) in the soil, reducing it to the smallest possible volume through layers of land (ABNT, 1992). In the Brazilian case, this is the main technique used for final disposal of MSW (ABRELPE, 2018).
In order to make it an environmentally sound disposal, the choice of the location for a landfill implementation requires a reconciliation between social, environmental and economic variables, in order to reduce its negative environmental impacts (ANDRADE; BARBOSA, 2015). According to Charnpratheep et al. (1997), generally, the selection of landfill sites can be divided into two main stages. The first is based on the identification of potential sites through preliminary screening. The second stage is the verification of suitability through environmental impact assessment methodologies, engineering design and cost analysis. As well as in the study by Charnpratheep et al. (1997), this article focuses on the first step.
Landfill selection is considered a complex task, since many factors such as geology, water resources, population, access, etc., must be considered prior to decision making (AKSOY; SAN, 2019). In addition, the negative impacts that this type of enterprise can have on the environment and public health increases the complexity of this process (DEMESOUKA et al., 2019).
The Brazilian technical standard NBR 8419 specifies the content required to design a landfill and lists a number of requirements for landfill site characterization, such as: location and topographic characterization; geological and geotechnical characterization; climatological characterization and characterization and use of water and soil (ABNT, 1992). However, on-site surveys to gather this and other necessary information increase project costs. Given this, methodologies that enable the reduction of financial and human resources should be explored as an alternative to select sites suitable for landfills (LOURENÇO et al., 2015).
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are an effective tool for initial identification of areas. GIS allows for spatial analysis, which supports decision-making by professionals from different areas (NAJAR; MARQUES, 1998), while reducing operating costs and streamlining decision making (SANTOS et al., 2000).
Several studies show the feasibility of employing GIS to verify the suitability of landfill sites (GUEVARA et al., 2017, ABD-EL MONSEF; SMITH, 2019; BALAKRISHNAN et al., 2019; DEMESOUKA et al., 2019; OSRA; KAJJUMBA, 2019). According to Cox and Gifford (1997), the application of GIS to select suitable sites for final disposal of solid waste is due to their ability to integrate different databases into a single database environment; make spatial maps quickly through databases; easily perform complex spatial analysis; create new data from existing data or from analyzing their interrelationships.
Technical, environmental, economic and social aspects should be incorporated into the definition of landfill location. In this context, GIS are an ideal option for preliminary studies due their ability to manage large volumes of spatial data from several sources (SENER et al., 2006). This justifies the great use of this technology in the areas of urban planning and management, environment, infrastructure, agriculture, etc. (SILVA, 2006).
For Charnpratheep et al. (1997), preliminary screening aims to exclude areas easily identified as inadequate, while selecting potential areas for the on-site evaluation process. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify, through the use of GIS, suitable areas from the regulatory and normative point of view for the installation of a landfill in a medium-sized Brazilian municipality.
2 Methodology
The selection of suitable areas for the installation of a landfill was proposed for a Brazilian municipality located in the High Uruguay Region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, which had 103,437 inhabitants during the period this work was carried out (IBGE, 2017).
The criteria considered are presented in Table 1. For the environmental analysis of the appropriate sites, a minimum area of 20 ha was stipulated, according to the calculations performed to determine the area required for landfill implementation for the municipality in question, which are not presented in this study.
Table 1 – Criterion used for choosing suitable areas for landfill installation (ABNT, 1997)
|
Criterion |
Restriction |
|
Permeability Coefficient (cm.s-1) |
<10-6 |
|
Declivity (%) |
higher than 1 and less than 30 |
|
Water Resources Distance (m) |
>200 |
|
Population Core Distance (m) |
>500 |
The data required for the environmental analysis were obtained from the spatial databases of the State Foundation for Environmental Protection (FEPAM – Portuguese acronym), the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE – Portuguese acronym) and the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA – Portuguese acronym). The spatial data were edited and processed for the elaboration of the maps related to the restrictions, which supported environmental analysis and results discussion. Spatial analysis was performed using free software QGIS, version 2.18.4.
3 Results and Discussion
Although not approached in this study, correct dimensioning of the area required by a landfill implementation is very important and depends on the characteristics of each region. Two of the main parameters that have to be taken in consideration for the analysis are the total amount of MSW (tons.day-1) generated and the per capita generation (kg.hab-1.day-1 or ton.hab-1.day-1) of the studied region (GOEL et al., 2017).
Another relevant factor is the existence of selective collection programs in the municipality, because when existing, only conventional collection waste should be considered in the landfill calculation to prevent project overestimation. Thus, when estimating the area needed to support the landfill cells, one must also take into account all the infrastructures necessary for its operation, besides the existence of useful area for future extensions (CALIJURI et al., 2002).
Several factors must be analyzed to choose the location of a landfill. Among them, the proximity of water resources, the presence of protected areas, the soil resistance, the environmental, economic and social sustainability must be considered to make the project viable (ANDRADE; BARBOSA, 2015).
Based on the established criteria, three suitable areas for the implementation of the landfill were selected. The first criteria considered in the spatial analysis were the slope in the range of 1 to 30% and the minimum distance of 200 meters from water bodies. Figure 1 shows three chosen areas that meet these two criteria.
Figure 1 - Appropriate areas for landfill installation - slope criteria and minimum distance from water bodies
According to Kontos et al. (2005), declivity is one of the basic parameters when considering the installation of a landfill. Areas with high altitudes or slopes are not suitable for this type of project (MOREIRA et al., 2016). Akbari et al. (2008) corroborate with the technical norm, stating that the most suitable places for waste disposal are areas of average altitude with less than 30% of slope. The authors still consider that the ideal place is the one surrounded by hills. In addition, landfills built in very low places are exposed to the risk of flooding and, consequently, contamination of water bodies (MOREIRA et al., 2016).
It is noteworthy that there are no Conservation Units in the municipality studied. From the conservationist logics of the unit typology, they aim at maintaining the environmental balance so that they can generate benefits for current and future generations (MOREIRA et al., 2016). Thus, when existing, they are limiting factors for the installation of landfills.
Table 2 presents the criteria for each of the three areas considered suitable for landfill installation.
Table 2 – Restriction criteria and areas chosen for the landfill installation and their characteristics.
|
Criterion |
Area 1 |
Area 2 |
Area 2 |
|
Soil Profile |
Clay |
Clay |
Clay |
|
Permeability Coefficient (cm.s-1) |
<10-7 |
<10-7 |
<10-7 |
|
Declivity (%) |
4.5 |
3 |
2.5 |
|
Water Resources Distance (m) |
225 |
270 |
280 |
|
Area (ha) |
16 |
19.8 |
25.6 |
|
Vegetation type |
Cyclical-culture Agriculture |
Cyclical-culture Agriculture |
Cyclical-culture Agriculture |
|
Population Core Distance (m) |
2275 |
4663 |
1518 |
|
Main access road distance (m) |
883 |
700 |
990 |
|
Land use and occupation |
Agriculture |
Agriculture and scrub vegetation |
Agriculture |
|
Access conditions |
Optimum |
Good |
Good |
Through spatial analysis, it was observed that Area 1 was very close to the minimum distance of water resources (225 m). In addition, it was also close to a high-flow highway, which could be a limiting factor for transport time of waste to the landfill.
Area 3 was disregarded due to its proximity to the population core, which may be an obstacle to the approval of a project of this magnitude, which is generally not well accepted by the population, despite its importance within public solid waste management. Sener et al. (2006) report that social opposition is one of the biggest obstacles in defining the location of a landfill, being the “not in my backyard” phenomenon restrictive, making landfills inherent undesirable characteristics outweigh its long-term benefits for the public opinion.
Therefore, Area 2 was considered as the most viable among the selected areas. Area 2 is located 10 km away from the urban area, which contributes to fast transportation. Moreover, in terms of logistics, it is located about 900 m from the main access road, which has good traffic conditions, contributing to a lesser intervention for the construction of access roads. Another important factor is the distance from the nearest residence, which is more than 1 km away from the site.
Landfills attract a wide variety of birds, which can interfere with aircraft operations (ANDRADE; BARBOSA, 2015). In this sense, the chosen area is 50 km away from the nearest airstrip, which makes its installation possible in this respect.
Figure 2 shows a satellite image of Area 2. It can be seen that most of the area is used for agricultural cultivation, so there would be no need for vegetation suppression for landfill installation. This factor corroborates what is seen in Figure 3, which presents the vegetation map of the area, where agriculture with cyclic crops predominates.
Figure 2 - Location of selected area (Area 2)
Figure 3 - Predominant vegetation in Area 2
In the study carried out by Andrade and Barbosa (2015), cultivated areas were considered restrictive factors for a landfill installation, because the Master Plan of the city in question prohibited this type of project in areas of agricultural activity. This highlights the importance and need for specific studies for each locality, with each one municipality having its particularities, such as legislative issues, as well as social and environmental characteristics.
In the case of landfill implantation in this location, it would be necessary to plant trees around the project to form a green belt, preferably composed of fast-growing exotic plants that prevent the dispersion of odors, dust and noise to the neighborhood.
A landfill consists of the disposal of waste in a waterproofed area with cover and compaction with successive layers of soil (FELICORI et al., 2016). Despite the use of waterproofing, it is essential to the soil of the site to be deep and distant from the water table, in order to prevent contamination of water resources. The soil of the chosen area, as can be observed in Figure 4, is of the latosol type. Ker (1997) reports that the soil of the study region is dystrophic purple latosol, considered a mineral soil, deep, from well to sharply drained and purple-red in color.
Figure 4 - Predominant Soil in Area 2
In addition, according to a report by FEPAM (2001), the municipality analyzed has a soil thickness greater than 150 cm, clayey texture, absent groundwater, among other parameters that classify this soil as highly resistant to environmental impacts. Therefore, in general, the soils of this region have good aptitude for the installation of landfills.
Regarding to the access of the area and to the landfill facility, it has to be appropriate for use in any weather conditions so that the operation of the landfill is not compromised. The chosen area is close to a main access road, but it would be necessary to construct a road linking this road to the landfill area, which is approximately 700 meters away, as can be seen in Figure 5.
Figure 5 - Access to Area 2
Another factor that was not considered in this study, but was evaluated by other authors (ANDRADE, BARBOSA, 2015; MOREIRA et al., 2016), is the predominant direction of winds, as it influences dispersion of odors and solid materials, important for the welfare of the surrounding population.
Despite the efficiency of the use of GIS for environmental analysis, it should always be emphasized that they do not replace the necessary field checks, and it is essential to perform on-site analysis. In addition to investigating soil conditions and geology, social and economic analyzes should be made regarding the need for expropriations and costs involved with land purchase (MOREIRA et al., 2016).
GIS are an important tool to support decisions for the most diverse environmental analyzes, contributing to the optimization of time and available resources. However, Moreira et al. (2016) state that it is necessary to advance the issue in the dissemination of these tools, given that still few professionals master this technology.
It is also important to highlight that other solutions are necessary within the theme of waste management, such as non-generation, reduction, reuse, recycling, reverse logistics and composting, aiming to reduce the amount of waste sent to final disposal (ROCHA et al., 2015). Especially due to the lack of financial resources and the lack of legislation, which are limiting factors for the proper disposal of waste in safe and well-designed landfills (POKHREL; VIRARAGHAVAN, 2005). In addition, consortium management of waste among neighboring municipalities should always be considered, with a view to reducing implementation costs and negative environmental impacts associated with the construction and operation of landfills (COLMAN et al., 2016).
4 Conclusions
Geographic Information Systems are presented as a tool that enables environmental analysis and identification of areas suitable for landfills installation. As verified in this work, through GIS can be performed a faster analysis of restrictions and locational characteristics, optimizing time and resources. Thus, through the use of this technology it is possible to focus financial and human resources on field surveys of previously defined areas via spatial analysis.
Acknowledgment
This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.
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